Chaptrer 8

Infected! Why Willpower Is Contagious? 為什么意志力會(huì)傳染？

●THE SPREAD OF ANEPIDEMIC ? 傳染病的傳播

●?UNDER THE MICROSCOPE:YOURSOCIAL NETWORK ?深入剖析：你的社交

●?THE SOCIAL SELF ?社會(huì)中的個(gè)人

● MIRRORIXG WILLPOWER FAILURES ?鏡像意志力失效

?? words and phrases

（1）contagious? adj. 感染性的；會(huì)蔓延的

原句:Although it’s hard to believe that physical fitness（身體素質(zhì)，身體狀態(tài)） could be contagious.盡管我們很難相信身體素質(zhì)也是可以傳染的。

仿寫：A teacher's education enthusiasm is contagious.

（2）immune??[?'mju?n]?

adj. 免疫的；免于……的，免除的，有免疫力的

n. 免疫者；免除者

immune body 抗體免疫體

immune reaction 免疫反應(yīng)免疫排斥反應(yīng)免疫反應(yīng)

immune system 免疫系統(tǒng)

be immune to?對(duì)…有免疫力；不受…的影響

原句: We like to believe that our choices are immune to the influence of others, and we pride ourselves on our independence and free will（自由意志）.?

?我們?cè)敢馊ハ嘈盼覀兊臎Q定不會(huì)受他人影響，我們?yōu)樽约旱莫?dú)立性和自由意志感到自豪。

仿寫：We may be immune to the sales promotion of supermarket when we konw more behavioral psychology.

（3）reveal? [r?'vi?l]?

vt. 顯示；透露；揭露；泄露

n. 揭露；暴露；門側(cè)，窗側(cè)

原句:?But research from the fields of psychology, marketing, and medicine reveals that our individual choices are powerfully（強(qiáng)烈地）?shaped by what other people think, want, and do-and what we think they want us to do.

仿寫： She doesn't want to reveal anything but tears just keep flowing.

（4）unified??['ju:nifaid] ?

adj. 統(tǒng)一的；一致標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的

v. 統(tǒng)一；使一致（unify的過去分詞）

unified management 統(tǒng)一管理；統(tǒng)一經(jīng)營.

unified standards 統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

原句：When it comes to self-control, we've seen that the human mind is not one unified self, but multiple(多重的；多樣的；許多的) selves who compete for control.

仿寫：We will establish a unified standard for the company culture.

（5）prime? [pra?m]

adj. 主要的；最好的；基本的

adv. 極好地 ? ?n. 初期；青年；精華；全盛時(shí)期

vt. 使準(zhǔn)備好；填裝 ? vi. 作準(zhǔn)備

prime sb ? 使某人做好準(zhǔn)備

原句：The mirror neurons that detect（vt 察覺、發(fā)現(xiàn)） another person's movement prime （準(zhǔn)備）that very same movement in your own body.

仿寫：Did you prime her with what to say?

when it comes to? 當(dāng)提到；就……而論

When it comes to diet and exercise, we know what to do, but we don't do what we know.當(dāng)提到飲食和運(yùn)動(dòng)的時(shí)候，我們都知道怎么去做，但是我們不會(huì)按照我們知道的去做。

（6） ?mirror neurons ?鏡像神經(jīng)元

? ? ? ? ? ? sole purpose ?唯一目的

? ? ? ? ? ? keep track of ?與...保持聯(lián)系

??Sentence

① ?The scourge John brought with him? It wasn't smallpox, tuberculosis, or an STD. It was being out of shape. Although it’s hard to believe that physical fitness could be contagious.

約翰究竟帶來了什么災(zāi)難？他帶來的不是天花、肺結(jié)核或性病，而是體質(zhì)虛弱。雖然人們很難相信身體虛弱也會(huì)傳染.

② ?Obesity was infectious（傳染的）, spreading within families and from friend to friend. When a friend became obese, a person’s own future risk of becoming obese increased by 171 percent. A woman whose sister became obese had a 67 percent increased risk, and a man whose brother became obese had a 45 percent increased risk.

肥胖是會(huì)傳染的，它會(huì)在家庭內(nèi)部和朋友之間傳染。如果一個(gè)人身邊有個(gè)朋友超重了，那么他變胖的概率就會(huì)增加171%。如果一個(gè)女性的姐妹超重了，那么她變胖的概率就會(huì)增加67%，如果一個(gè)男性的兄弟超重了，那么他變胖的概率就會(huì)增加45%。

③? Both bad habits and positive change can spread from person to person like germs, and nobody is completely- immune. Not every willpower challenge is the result of a social “infection,” but with most challenges, there is a social influence.

壞習(xí)慣和積極的改變都能像細(xì)菌一樣在人群中傳播，而且沒有人能完全不受影響。不是每個(gè)意志力挑戰(zhàn)都是社會(huì)“傳染”的結(jié)果，但是大多數(shù)挑戰(zhàn)都存在社會(huì)“傳染”的問題。

——? 啟? 發(fā) 1 ——

身體素質(zhì)也會(huì)像傳染病一樣蔓延？聽起來好像不可思議，但實(shí)際上卻是真實(shí)存在，這個(gè)比喻非常形象生動(dòng)。這種傳染歸根到底是一種生活方式和思考方式的傳染...如果我們?cè)谌巳褐腥ビ^察，經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很多的“夫妻相”，第一眼就覺得他們長(zhǎng)得好似很像，仔細(xì)想來，并不是兩個(gè)人從一開始就有夫妻相，而是在生活方式N多年的共同影響下，越來越像，因?yàn)轱嬍沉?xí)慣、生活方式、思考模式，價(jià)值觀都會(huì)越來越趨近。壞習(xí)慣和積極的改變都能像細(xì)菌一樣在人群中傳播，不僅僅傳播給他人，還會(huì)同時(shí)再度傳播給自己，這種反彈力會(huì)倍增，一定程度上，消極創(chuàng)造消極，積極創(chuàng)造積極。我們是什么樣的人，就會(huì)遇到什么樣的人，那么我們要做的，就是努力培養(yǎng)自己健康的生活方式，讓自己保持積極向上，精力充沛，給自己、身邊的朋友、家人、還不相識(shí)的人帶去正向影響。

④ ??When it comes to self-control, we've seen that the human mind is not one unified self, but multiple selves who compete for control. There's the self who wants immediate gratification and the self who remembers your bigger goals. There's your present self, who may or may not seem to have much in common with your future self.

說到自我控制這個(gè)問題，我已經(jīng)知道，人類大腦里不是只有一個(gè)自我，而是有很多不同的自我在相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，爭(zhēng)奪控制權(quán)。這里面有想獲得即時(shí)滿足感的自我，有銘記遠(yuǎn)大目標(biāo)的自我，有現(xiàn)在的自我，也有未來的自我。他們可能相似，也可能不同。

⑤ ?We have specialized brain cells—called mirror neurons—whose sole purpose is to keep track of what other people are thinking, feeling, and doing. These mirror neurons are sprinkled throughout the brain to help us understand the full range of (全范圍的)other people s experiences.

我們有專門的的腦細(xì)胞——鏡像神經(jīng)元。它唯一的任務(wù)就是注意觀察其他人在想什么， 感覺如何，在做什么。鏡像神經(jīng)元分布在整個(gè)大腦中，幫助我們?nèi)ダ斫馄渌怂械慕?jīng)歷。

⑥ ?Our instinct to mimic other people's actions means that when you see someone else reach for a snack, a drink, or a credit card, you may find yourself unconsciously mirroring their behavior-and losing your willpower.

我們模范別人行動(dòng)的本能，這就意味著，當(dāng)你看到別人去拿零食、飲料或信用卡的時(shí)候，你自己也會(huì)無意識(shí)的模仿他們的行為。同時(shí)，你也會(huì)失去你的意志力。

⑦ ? We've seen three ways our social brains can catch willpower failures. The first is unintentional mimicry. The mirror neurons that detect another person's movement prime that very same movement in your own body.

The second way our social brains can lead us astray（迷路） is the contagion of emotion. We saw that our mirror neurons respond to（響應(yīng)） other people’s pain, but they also respond to emotions.

Finally , our brains can even catch temptation when we see others give in. Seeing someone else engage in（參加） your willpower challenge can put you in the mood（興致勃勃）?to join them.

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了三種形式會(huì)使我們的社會(huì)大腦出現(xiàn)意志力失效。第一種形式是無意識(shí)的模仿。當(dāng)鏡像神經(jīng)元探測(cè)到其他人的行動(dòng)時(shí)，它會(huì)讓你的身體也準(zhǔn)備同樣的動(dòng)作。

大腦讓我們誤入迷途的第二種形式是情緒的傳染。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，自己的鏡像神經(jīng)元會(huì)對(duì)別人的疼痛產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)，也會(huì)對(duì)別人的情緒產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)。

最后，當(dāng)我們看到別人屈服于誘惑的時(shí)候，我們的大腦也可能受到誘惑。如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)別人和你有同樣的意志力挑戰(zhàn)，你興致勃勃的想加入進(jìn)去。

——? 啟? 發(fā) 2——

鏡像神經(jīng)元的存在，讓人與人之間的相互模仿和互相影響從科學(xué)行為上給予了解釋依據(jù)，有人說DNA決定我們是不是人，鏡像神經(jīng)元決定我們能否塑造文明，這種說法也許是夸張了，不過作為我們每一個(gè)活生生的個(gè)體，確實(shí)能察覺到自己的很多細(xì)微心理活動(dòng)，人的內(nèi)心世界真的是一個(gè)超級(jí)大的謎題。這種模仿和影響滲透到生活的方方面面...就像現(xiàn)在很多人患有“朋友圈焦慮癥”一樣，要問哪里的完美人生模板最多，要數(shù)朋友圈了。假若一個(gè)人微信好友很多，又酷愛刷朋友圈，那每時(shí)每刻都能看到千變?nèi)f化的人生模板，如果按照模仿別人行動(dòng)的本能，那還不被逼瘋啊？要么去影響別人，要么被影響，影響與被影響也是每一個(gè)社會(huì)人的基本需要，所以，如何尋找到一撥志同道合的人，彼此互相沁潤和影響就很重要了，而互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代提供了天然的優(yōu)勢(shì),各個(gè)類別的優(yōu)質(zhì)興趣社群越來越多，很容易就找到自己的社群組織了。一個(gè)人不太可能成為所有人，一個(gè)人也不太可能影響所有人，那么聚焦自我需求，關(guān)注一小部分群體，再去影響一小部分群體，便好...

??Summary

It's? contagious including? willpower? challenge,physical fitness，obesity ，depression and so on. We had known the fact? that each person's? choices be affected by the decision of the others. We can not exist in isolation by putting the influence and connections of others? aside ? ,It may be a good way? to make ourselves become more healthy, more active and stronger willpower.

We will try to look for these people who is attempting to improve the same willpower challenge ?recently.