作為一個程序員或者測試開發(fā)人員，我們在進(jìn)行項目部署和運維時，經(jīng)常會用到一些linux命令，可是這些命令老是忘記，每次用到的時候都要去谷歌百度，很是麻煩！這不，為了自己使用方便，對常見的linux命令, SHELL, VIM, Linux性能調(diào)優(yōu)和linux kernel的總結(jié)，以便在用到時能夠快速地找到相關(guān)命令，同時有需要的朋友也可以參考搜藏該篇文章！文章對講到的每個命令都有詳細(xì)的參數(shù)解釋，并且給出一些常用例子，因此也非常適合用來學(xué)習(xí)！
- 工作中常用的命令總結(jié)；
shell（命令解釋器）自帶的命令稱為內(nèi)部命令，其它的是外部命令
內(nèi)部命令使用help幫助：help cd
外部命令使用help幫助：ls --help
type命令：用于區(qū)分是內(nèi)部命令還是外部命令：
type ls
ls is aliased to `ls --color=auto' #外部命令
type cd
cd is a shell builtin #內(nèi)部命令
pwd命令：顯示當(dāng)前目錄
ls命令：查看目錄和文件名稱
ls -l 查看目錄各個字段含義
第一字段：首字母代表的是文件類型 ，其中"-"為普通文件、"d"為目錄文件、"c"為字符設(shè)備文件、"b"為塊設(shè)備文件、"p"為管道文件、"l"為鏈接文件、"s"為socket文件?！皉wx”分別代表擁有讀、寫和執(zhí)行權(quán)限，"-代表無對應(yīng)權(quán)限。三個"rwx"依次代表文件所有者、文件所有者所在用戶組、其它用戶對文件擁有的權(quán)限。
第二字段：文件硬連接數(shù)量
第三字段：文件擁有者
第四字段：文件擁有者所在組
第五字段：文件大?。ㄒ宰止?jié)為單位）
第六字段：文件最后更改時間
第七字段：文件名（若為鏈接文件則追加顯示其鏈接的原文件的路徑）
ls命令其它參數(shù)含義：
-a顯示隱藏文件（.開頭的文件）
-r逆序排序
-t按照時間順序顯示
-R遞歸顯示
ls -lartR : 按照時間順序倒序顯示所有文件及其文件夾的文件
cd命令：更改當(dāng)前的工作目錄
cd /path/... 絕對路徑
cd ./path/... 相對路徑（./可以省略）
cd ../path/... 相對路徑
mkdir -p 遞歸目錄：遞歸創(chuàng)建目錄
rmdir命令：刪除目錄
rmdir a/b/c/d/e/ #刪除空目錄
rm -r a/b/c/d/ #遞歸刪除目錄，但是系統(tǒng)會做多次詢問
rm -rf a/b/c/d/ #刪除目錄，不做任何詢問
cp命令：復(fù)制文件和目錄
-r 復(fù)制目錄
-p 保留用戶、權(quán)限、時間等文件屬性
mv命令：移動文件和重命名
mv *.log 目標(biāo)目錄
通配符：
*匹配任何字符串
?匹配一個字符串
[xyz]任何一個字符串
[a-z]匹配一個范圍
cat命令：文本內(nèi)容顯示到終端
head命令：查看文件開頭
head -3 文件名稱 #顯示文件開頭3行
tail命令：查看文件末尾
tail -3 文件名稱 #顯示文件末尾3行
tail常用參數(shù)-f，文件內(nèi)容更新后，同步顯示更新的文件信息
tail -f 文件名稱
wc命令：統(tǒng)計文件內(nèi)容信息
wc 文件名稱
useradd命令:新建用戶
useradd 用戶名
userdel命令:刪除用戶
userdel 用戶名 用戶所在的家目錄不會被刪除
userdel -r 用戶名 用戶相關(guān)的所有配置都會被刪除
passwd命令:修改用戶密碼
passwd 用戶名
usermod命令:修改用戶屬性
/etc/passwd文件:查看用戶文件
tail /etc/passwd
/etc/shadow文件:查看用戶密碼
tail /etc/shadow
groupadd命令:添加用戶組
groupadd 用戶組
groupdel命令:刪除用戶組
groupdel 用戶組
用戶切換
su 用戶名 切換用戶，但是用戶所在環(huán)境不變，即pwd路徑不會變化
su - 用戶名 切換用戶，同時會切換到用戶家目錄，即/home/用戶名
sudo命令：普通用戶需要執(zhí)行root用戶權(quán)限的解決方案。
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linux基礎(chǔ)的原理和一些常用的命令；
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以下是一些常用命令匯總；The following table provides a reminder of most of the commands that we have covered so far. If you include the three, as-yet-unmentioned, commands in the last column, then you will probably be able to achieve >95% of everything that you will ever want to do in Unix (remember, you can use the man command to find out more about top, ps, and kill). The power comes from how you can use combinations of these commands.
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日常linux 命令的cheat sheet總結(jié)；
image.png
Linux常用命令作為it人員的必備技能，我們需要掌握常用的基礎(chǔ)命令，本文總結(jié)了工作中常用的命令列出來，希望可以幫助大家經(jīng)常查閱，解決工作中的問題. 有需要補(bǔ)充可以聯(lián)系我，完善文章.
Basic Linux commands
| Command | Description | |
|---|---|---|
ls |
Lists all files and directories in the present working directory | |
ls -R |
Lists files in sub-directories as well | |
ls -a |
Lists hidden files as well | |
ls -al |
Lists files and directories with detailed information like permissions,size, owner, etc. | |
cd or cd ~ |
Navigate to HOME directory | |
cd .. |
Move one level up | |
cd |
To change to a particular directory | |
cd / |
Move to the root directory | |
cat > filename |
Creates a new file | |
cat filename |
Displays the file content | |
cat file1 file2 > file3 |
Joins two files (file1, file2) and stores the output in a new file (file3) | |
mv file "new file path" |
Moves the files to the new location | |
mv filename new_file_name |
Renames the file to a new filename | |
sudo |
Allows regular users to run programs with the security privileges of the superuser or root | |
rm filename |
Deletes a file | |
man |
Gives help information on a command | |
history |
Gives a list of all past commands typed in the current terminal session | |
clear |
Clears the terminal | |
mkdir directoryname |
Creates a new directory in the present working directory or a at the specified path | |
rmdir |
Deletes a directory | |
mv |
Renames a directory | |
pr -x |
Divides the file into x columns | |
pr -h |
Assigns a header to the file | |
pr -n |
Denotes the file with Line Numbers | |
lp -nc , lpr c |
Prints “c” copies of the File | |
lp-d lp-P |
Specifies name of the printer | |
apt-get |
Command used to install and update packages | |
| `mail -s 'subject' |
-c 'cc-address'-b 'bcc-address'
'to-address'| Command to send email | |mail -s "Subject"
to-address < Filename` | Command to send email with attachment |
File Permission commands
| Command | Description | |
|---|---|---|
ls -l |
to show file type and access permission | |
r |
read permission | |
w |
write permission | |
x |
execute permission | |
-= |
no permission | |
Chown user |
For changing the ownership of a file/directory | |
Chown user:group filename |
change the user as well as group for a file or directory |
Environment Variables command
| Command | Description | |
|---|---|---|
echo $VARIABLE |
To display value of a variable | |
env |
Displays all environment variables | |
VARIABLE_NAME= variable_value |
Create a new variable | |
Unset |
Remove a variable | |
export Variable=value |
To set value of an environment variable |
User management commands of linux
| Command | Description | |
|---|---|---|
sudo adduser username |
To add a new user | |
sudo passwd -l 'username' |
To change the password of a user | |
sudo userdel -r 'username' |
To remove a newly created user | |
sudo usermod -a -G GROUPNAME USERNAME |
To add a user to a group | |
sudo deluser USER GROUPNAME |
To remove a user from a group | |
finger |
Shows information of all the users logged in | |
finger username |
Gives information of a particular userNetworking command |
| Command | Description | |
|---|---|---|
SSH username@ip-address or hostname |
login into a remote Linux machine using SSH | |
Ping hostname="" or ="" |
To ping and Analyzing network and host connections | |
dir |
Display files in the current directory of a remote computer | |
cd "dirname" |
change directory to “dirname” on a remote computer | |
put file |
upload ‘file’ from local to remote computer | |
get file |
Download ‘file’ from remote to local computer | |
quit |
Logout |
Process command
| Command | Description | |
|---|---|---|
bg |
To send a process to the background | |
fg |
To run a stopped process in the foreground | |
top |
Details on all Active Processes | |
ps |
Give the status of processes running for a user | |
ps PID |
Gives the status of a particular process | |
pidof |
Gives the Process ID (PID) of a process | |
kill PID |
Kills a process | |
nice |
Starts a process with a given priority | |
renice |
Changes priority of an already running process | |
df |
Gives free hard disk space on your system | |
free |
Gives free RAM on your systemVI Editing Commands |
| VIM Command | Description | |
|---|---|---|
i |
Insert at cursor (goes into insert mode) | |
a |
Write after cursor (goes into insert mode) | |
A |
Write at the end of line (goes into insert mode) | |
ESC |
Terminate insert mode | |
u |
Undo last change | |
U |
Undo all changes to the entire line | |
o |
Open a new line (goes into insert mode) | |
dd |
Delete line | |
3dd |
Delete 3 lines | |
D |
Delete contents of line after the cursor | |
C |
Delete contents of a line after the cursor and insert new text. Press ESC key to end insertion. | |
dw |
Delete word | |
4dw |
Delete 4 words | |
cw |
Change word | |
x |
Delete character at the cursor | |
r |
Replace character | |
R |
Overwrite characters from cursor onward | |
s |
Substitute one character under cursor continue to insert | |
S |
Substitute entire line and begin to insert at the beginning of the line | |
~ |
Change case of individual character |
Hope this Linux reference guide helps you!
希望這些常用的命令和系統(tǒng)原理，以及l(fā)inux操作可以幫助大家提升linux命令和操作?。?！
