??《如何成為學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作高手：針對(duì)華人作者的18周技能強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練》一書清晰地闡述了學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作的各個(gè)部分，如何撰寫，華人作者常見的寫作錯(cuò)誤和改正方式，簡(jiǎn)短、基礎(chǔ)的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，如何培養(yǎng)良好的寫作習(xí)慣以保持積極和高效的寫作狀態(tài)，一些向?qū)W術(shù)期刊投稿的小建議，每個(gè)學(xué)生都需要了解的重要詞匯等內(nèi)容。
??本系列讀書筆記記錄了書中的要點(diǎn)，列舉了一些相關(guān)例句。由于作者正處于寫論文的痛苦中，所以篩選的例句大都是我論文中可能用到的句式。

系列目錄：
??如何成為學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作高手(1):撰寫引言
??如何成為學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作高手(2):撰寫方法部分

??（持續(xù)更新）

1 如何寫引言

??引言是論文中最精美的部分。引言的目的是表達(dá)在研究背后的動(dòng)機(jī)，并為之辯護(hù)；引言也需要展示論文的研究背景，幫助讀者清晰地理解你的目的；同時(shí)引言需要抓住讀者的注意力。一篇好的引言，需要包含以下主要成分：

• 說(shuō)明研究的廣泛主題或話題；
• 解釋論文的學(xué)術(shù)重要性；
• 總結(jié)可用的文獻(xiàn)，引用和你的研究最相關(guān)的之前的研究。此外，如果重復(fù)了之前的研究，則應(yīng)在書面引文中明確說(shuō)明；
• 研究空白和前后矛盾的討論需要跟隨在文獻(xiàn)總結(jié)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)研究的主要貢獻(xiàn)的好處；
• 引言中應(yīng)清楚說(shuō)明研究中要解決的研究問(wèn)題，指導(dǎo)研究的具體目標(biāo)，進(jìn)行研究的背景以及研究中使用的分析單位。

1.1 主題或話題

??由于你的論文也會(huì)被領(lǐng)域外的讀者閱讀，因此以一種簡(jiǎn)單的但有效的方式寫論文，有助于讀者理解你研究的重要性。此外，更廣泛的介紹你研究的主題或話題，能夠幫助你的讀者清楚地理解你的研究是什么。以下的要點(diǎn)需要注意：

• 避免在引言中使用技術(shù)的術(shù)語(yǔ)；
• 不要從研究的問(wèn)題或假設(shè)開始寫引言；
• 定義技術(shù)的術(shù)語(yǔ)或者概念；

1.2 學(xué)術(shù)重要性

??一篇論文的學(xué)術(shù)重要性可以通過(guò)描述該主題先前研究的缺失，以及突出文獻(xiàn)中的空白和矛盾之處來(lái)確定。然而，需要避免寫一個(gè)某個(gè)領(lǐng)域全面的回顧。

1.3 文獻(xiàn)

??現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)的總結(jié)需要簡(jiǎn)潔的描述出來(lái)，并且需要包含最近的、直接關(guān)聯(lián)的研究。如果該研究是先前研究的復(fù)制，則本節(jié)中應(yīng)提及該研究的簡(jiǎn)要介紹以及引文。

1.4 知識(shí)空缺

??由于研究的目的是擴(kuò)展某個(gè)具體主題的知識(shí)，一個(gè)研究需要處理文獻(xiàn)中具體的知識(shí)空缺、矛盾和爭(zhēng)論。此外，在本部分中應(yīng)提及研究的主要貢獻(xiàn)，這將有助于說(shuō)明研究的重要性。

1.5 研究問(wèn)題和目的

??這個(gè)部分需要清楚地說(shuō)明以下幾個(gè)方面：

• 本文解決的研究問(wèn)題；
• 指導(dǎo)研究的具體研究目的；
• 研究進(jìn)行的背景；
• 論文中使用的分析單元。

1.6 輪廓結(jié)構(gòu)

??該部分應(yīng)僅包括整個(gè)論文流程的簡(jiǎn)要概述。

在完成引言的部分的時(shí)候，你需要保證你的引言回答了以下五個(gè)問(wèn)題：

• What is the Problem?
• Why is the problem important?
• What conflicts or unanswered questions does your research address?
• What previous findings are you challenging or extending?
• What solution do you propose?

2 What is the Problem？

??通過(guò)清楚地介紹你的主題領(lǐng)域開始你的引言
??在引言的前幾句中，使用標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵字直接聚焦您的主題。這將使你立即專注于你的主題，而無(wú)需討論過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)的信息。

??總結(jié)其他研究以提供上下文，關(guān)鍵術(shù)語(yǔ)和概念，以便您的讀者可以理解過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)的信息
??關(guān)鍵策略是在介紹實(shí)驗(yàn)或研究之前總結(jié)您對(duì)問(wèn)題的了解，你可以對(duì)文獻(xiàn)做一個(gè)總體概述，但是不要包含在討論中你要使用的，具體的或者太長(zhǎng)的解釋。目的和假設(shè)的陳述應(yīng)側(cè)重于文獻(xiàn)綜述中的一般信息，這些信息應(yīng)支持你研究的特定主題。通過(guò)做這些，你能夠幫助讀者和評(píng)審者理解你的研究。

2.1 描述所研究的問(wèn)題

2.1.1 確立一般主體的重要性

One of the most essential current discussions in Natural language processing is ...

X is the leading cause of Y in natural language processing.

In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for ...

2.1.2 強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ...

Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in ...

The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many ...

2.2 總結(jié)其他研究來(lái)提供背景，關(guān)鍵術(shù)語(yǔ)和概念

2.2.1 相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的通用描述

A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ...

The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ...

What we know about X is largely based on empirical studies that investigate how ...

2.2.2 對(duì)先前工作的引用

Author studies have attempted to explain ...

Recent evidence suggests that ...

Several attempts have been made to ...

2.2.3 解釋關(guān)鍵詞或術(shù)語(yǔ)

Throughout this paper, the term X refers to ...

The term X is generally understood to mean ...

The term X has been applied to situations where ...

2.3 簡(jiǎn)單的三段定義

2.3.1 引出研究者的對(duì)術(shù)語(yǔ)的定義

Author was apparently the first to use the term ...

Author wrote that X is a "..."

According to a definition provided by author, X is ...

2.3.2 常用主題分類

The work of Aristotle fall under three categories: (1)dialogues and ...; (2)collections of facts and ...; and (3) systematic works.
There are two basic approaches currently adopted by research on X. One is the Y approach, and the other is ...

2.3.3 介紹一系列的因素

There are three reasons why language research has become so important.These are ...

The disadvantages of the new approach can be discussed under three headings, which are ...

2.3.4 參考其他作者的因素清單

Jamison(2008) suggested three conditions for its acceptance. First, X should be ... Second, it needs to be ... Third, ...

Martinez and Rodriguez (1999) listed X, Y and Z as the major causes of infant mortality.

Patrickson and Cook(2007) argued that there are two broad categories of Y, which are as follow: (1) ... and (2) ...

2.4 引言的時(shí)態(tài)

• 在陳述或報(bào)告已確定的事實(shí)、研究重點(diǎn)的陳述、目前接受的方法時(shí)，使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；

Fine motor skills require integrating muscular, skeletal and neurological functions.

The aim of this paper is to determine the principal mechanical parameters of thin film deposited on a circular glass substrate.

The salt in most oceans is approximately 97% sodium chloride(Ritchie, 1999).

• 當(dāng)指單個(gè)先前的研究、研究重點(diǎn)的陳述（自己的研究）時(shí)，使用過(guò)去時(shí)。

Kurtz(2008) found that instructors allocated equal time to each group.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a genetic correlation exists between performance levels at high and low temperatures.

• 在報(bào)告從許多之前研究中得到的發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)，使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

Previous studies have indicated the need to further examine X.

• 在表達(dá)預(yù)期結(jié)果或提供未來(lái)建議時(shí)，請(qǐng)使用帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)，例如could，may和might

This research may provide an alternative to the common field measurement of soil erosion and runoff.

3 Why is the problem important?

??作為一名研究人員，你的首要任務(wù)就是“推銷”你的研究問(wèn)題。如果評(píng)審不相信你的問(wèn)題真的是個(gè)問(wèn)題，他們也就不會(huì)有興趣閱讀解決問(wèn)題的方法。因此，引言需要明確引出你的研究問(wèn)題，并且解釋你的問(wèn)題為什么重要。

3.1 文獻(xiàn)回顧

??文獻(xiàn)綜述構(gòu)成了文章的理論基礎(chǔ)，并討論了特定領(lǐng)域中已發(fā)布的信息。通常，一個(gè)文獻(xiàn)綜述提供了對(duì)過(guò)去研究新的解釋，將之前的解釋和新的解釋結(jié)合起來(lái)，或者追蹤該領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)發(fā)展過(guò)程。
??在寫文獻(xiàn)回顧時(shí)，需要解釋以下四個(gè)問(wèn)題：

• Which aspects should be included in a literature review?
• How should the information in a literature review be synthesized?
• How should the literature review be structured?
• What writing style should be used when writing a literature review?

3.1.1 Which aspects should be included in a literature review?

??一個(gè)有效的文獻(xiàn)回顧需要包含以下部分：

• 簡(jiǎn)要討論該研究在何處以及如何符合該領(lǐng)域的更廣泛觀點(diǎn);
• 文章中使用的所有關(guān)鍵概念和構(gòu)造的定義；
• 綜合先前相關(guān)研究結(jié)果的討論;
• 現(xiàn)有方法的總結(jié)，解釋以前的研究方法如何構(gòu)成當(dāng)前的研究方法;
• 對(duì)要檢驗(yàn)的假設(shè)的理論支持;

3.1.2 How should the information in a literature review be synthesized?

??由于文獻(xiàn)綜述不是論文按時(shí)間順序的總結(jié)，它必須總結(jié)現(xiàn)有的知識(shí)。文獻(xiàn)回顧要求不能抄襲和改寫之前的工作。按照信息的不同分為三個(gè)類型：Definitions, Attributes or Factors, 和 Opposing viewpoints。

3.1.2.1 Definitions

??所有概念或構(gòu)造以及技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)都需要在文獻(xiàn)中定義。最好在論文中首次提及后定義概念或術(shù)語(yǔ)。但是這些定義不能簡(jiǎn)單從先前研究中復(fù)制，應(yīng)該提供一個(gè)reviewed definition。此外，這些定義不能在文獻(xiàn)綜述中連續(xù)地列舉。

3.1.2.2 Attributes or Factors

??通常，當(dāng)討論一個(gè)相似的主題時(shí)，作者會(huì)列舉不同的屬性、因素或問(wèn)題。這些因素表明特定方法或技術(shù)的有效性。然而，這些屬性或因素不能僅僅在文獻(xiàn)綜述中列舉出來(lái)，而應(yīng)該寫包含這些因素的總結(jié)。

3.1.2.3 Opposing Viewpoints

??研究相同問(wèn)題的作者會(huì)提出不同的觀點(diǎn)。這些觀點(diǎn)可以作為文獻(xiàn)綜述中的討論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較。另外，相反的觀點(diǎn)需要在文獻(xiàn)綜述中明確解釋不同。為了進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)文獻(xiàn)綜述，應(yīng)闡述支持的具體觀點(diǎn)以及簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明接受這些觀點(diǎn)的原因。

3.1.3 How should the literature review be structured?

??以下的要點(diǎn)能夠幫助你更高的構(gòu)造文獻(xiàn)綜述：

• 將正在討論的特定主題放在相關(guān)但更廣泛的上下文中，然后將討論重點(diǎn)放在更具體的問(wèn)題上;
• 標(biāo)題應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)短，并應(yīng)提供有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的詳細(xì)概述；
• 使用相關(guān)圖表并討論對(duì)研究至關(guān)重要的幾種結(jié)構(gòu)之間的比較;
• 清楚地定義技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)和概念；
• 所提供的文章應(yīng)該與標(biāo)題相關(guān)；
• 為研究的假設(shè)提供了簡(jiǎn)要的動(dòng)機(jī)。

3.1.4 What writing style should be used when writing a literature review?

??文獻(xiàn)綜述通常需要易于閱讀和理解，這就需要盡可能避免使用技術(shù)行話、不熟悉的術(shù)語(yǔ)和短語(yǔ)、未定義的技術(shù)縮寫。另外，一個(gè)清晰簡(jiǎn)潔的文獻(xiàn)綜述流程能夠幫助讀者更好的理解研究的整體過(guò)程。
??在文獻(xiàn)綜述中陳述研究問(wèn)題，并明確闡述嘗試的研究如何回應(yīng)這些問(wèn)題。在進(jìn)行此操作時(shí)，請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)要闡述所使用的方法，并說(shuō)明你的研究在以前的研究上進(jìn)行改進(jìn)或提供與先前研究的對(duì)比。

3.2 參照單個(gè)之前的研究

• 研究者做句子的主語(yǔ)

Author performed a similar series of experiments in the 1960s to show that ...

carried out a number of investigations into the ...

• 強(qiáng)調(diào)研究

The study of the structural behavior of X was first carried out by Ran et al.(1986).

A recent study study by Author involved ...

A longitudinal study of X by Author reported that ...

• 研究主題做主語(yǔ)

X is the central focus of a study by Author, in which whe author found ...

To determine the effects of X, author et al. (2005) compared ...

3.3 參照其他作者的工作

Rao(2003) listed three reasons why the English language has become so dominant.

Jones(2003) provided in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle, showing its relevance to contemporary times.

Some analysts have attempted to draw fine distinctions between ...

3.4 參考其他作者的想法

According to Smith(2003), preventive medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.

4 What conflicts or unanswered questions does your research address?

??你需要在研究領(lǐng)域的現(xiàn)有研究中找到?jīng)_突，問(wèn)題或未嘗試的方法，并進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)解決。你可以通過(guò)突出問(wèn)題或爭(zhēng)議或確定您研究領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)差距來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)你的研究問(wèn)題。

4.1 在你的研究領(lǐng)域中，強(qiáng)調(diào)問(wèn)題或者爭(zhēng)議

However, a major problem with this type of application is ...

There is increasing concern that some Xs are being diasdvantaged ...

Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks.

The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of ...

4.2 在你的研究領(lǐng)域中，強(qiáng)調(diào)知識(shí)空白

However, far too little attention has been paid to ...

In addition, no research has been found that surveyed ...

So far, this method has only been applied to ...

4.3 比較(compare)和對(duì)比(contrast)

??通過(guò)對(duì)比兩個(gè)事物的相似點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)，能夠增加我們對(duì)這兩個(gè)事物的理解。許多段落的功能是比較或?qū)Ρ?，而開頭的句子通常用術(shù)語(yǔ)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。

4.3.1 引導(dǎo)句：不同點(diǎn)

X is different from Y in a number of respects.

There are a number of important differences between X and Y.

Author found distinct differences between X and Y.

4.3.2 引導(dǎo)句：相同點(diǎn)

The mode of processing used by the right brain is similar to that used by the left brain.

The effects of nitrous dioxide on human health are similar to those of ground level ozone.

There are a number of similarities between X and Y.

4.3.3 在一個(gè)句子中比較

In contrast to oral communities, it is very difficult to get away from calendar time in literate societies.

Compared with people in oral cultures, people in literate cultures organize their lives around clocks and calendars.

Women are faster/slower than men at certain precision manual tasks, such as placing pegs in holes on a board.

Furthermore, men are more/less accurate in tests of target-directed motor skills.

4.3.4 比較兩個(gè)句子

It is very difficult to get away from calendar time in literate societies. By contrast, many people in oral communities have little idea of the calendar year of their birth.

Tests show that women generally can recall lists of words or paragraphs of text better than men. Conversely, men usually perform better on tests that require the ability to rotate mentally an image to solve a problem.

5 What findings are you challenging or extending?

5.1 批評(píng)參考文獻(xiàn)和它們理論的句子

??批評(píng)你的參考文獻(xiàn)和他們的理論是很危險(xiǎn)的。你需要注意以下六點(diǎn)：

• 永遠(yuǎn)不要將您的批評(píng)變成對(duì)參考文獻(xiàn)作者的人身攻擊；
• 您的批評(píng)應(yīng)該是有效的，有充分根據(jù)的，并應(yīng)擴(kuò)大研究領(lǐng)域;
• 不要為了批評(píng)而批評(píng)；
• 要意識(shí)到，如果你的批評(píng)是錯(cuò)誤的，你將毀壞你在該領(lǐng)域的名聲；
• 詢問(wèn)你的領(lǐng)域中的其他研究者，你的批評(píng)是否有效；
• 您批評(píng)的人很有可能就您論文的接受做出決定。

5.2 批判性地介紹疑問(wèn)、問(wèn)題和局限性

One question that needs to be asked, however, is wheter ...

A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ...

It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.

Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.

Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that ...

However, this method of analysis has numerous limitations.

5.3 說(shuō)明一個(gè)研究的弱點(diǎn)

However, the main weakness of this study is its failure to address how ...

Simth makes no attemp to differentiate between various types of X.

However, the research does not take into account pre-existing ... such as ...

5.4 提供結(jié)構(gòu)性的建議

5.5 介紹其他人對(duì)你的參考文獻(xiàn)的評(píng)價(jià)

Many analysts have argued that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example, argued that ...

Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccurate measure of X, but they ...

Most recent arguments against X have been summarized by Smith and Jones (1982).

6 What solution do you propose?

??簡(jiǎn)要地描述您的研究（假設(shè)或者研究問(wèn)題）、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)或方法和使用這個(gè)方法的原因。

6.1 確保清楚地陳述了您研究的目的或假設(shè)

??目的陳述通常出現(xiàn)在引言的結(jié)尾位置，經(jīng)常作為最后一段的主題句。您可以使用兩種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的陳述形式：

The purpose of this study is to ...

This study investigates three possible mechanisms to explain the ...

6.2 提供您解決問(wèn)題方法的理由

??簡(jiǎn)要地描述您是如何解決問(wèn)題的。這部分內(nèi)容通常跟在目的陳述的后面。您可以嘗試回答這些問(wèn)題：

• 為什么你選擇這類實(shí)驗(yàn)或?qū)嶒?yàn)的設(shè)計(jì)？
• 這個(gè)特殊模型的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是什么？
• 它在回答您要問(wèn)的特定問(wèn)題方面有什么優(yōu)勢(shì)?

??但是不要在引言中描述你研究中的具體技術(shù)或方法。你可以在方法部分提供這些信息。如果你使用一個(gè)新的技術(shù)或方法，引言中需要描述這個(gè)新方法相對(duì)于之前使用方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

6.3 重點(diǎn)和目標(biāo)

This paper focuses on/examines/assesses ...

The purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the ...

The aim of this paper is to determine/examine ...

6.4 給出為什么采用特定方法的原因

The best method to adopt for this investigation is to ...

The questionnaire design is based on ...

The X method is one of the more practical ways to ...

7 引言的要點(diǎn)

• 從一般到具體：連接現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的問(wèn)題和研究文獻(xiàn)，然后到你的實(shí)驗(yàn)
• 吸引您讀者的興趣：回答問(wèn)題“你做了什么”和“我為什么要關(guān)注”
• 清楚地表達(dá)問(wèn)題和解決方法、問(wèn)題和你的研究設(shè)計(jì)、之前研究和你的實(shí)驗(yàn)的聯(lián)系
• 盡可能使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

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