大家都知道英語中動詞一般是用來做謂語的，但是當(dāng)一句話中已經(jīng)有了謂語動詞時，剩下的動詞就要變作非謂語動詞了，因此非謂語動詞在英語中很常見，關(guān)于非謂語動詞的語法知識自然就要大家能夠熟練掌握，然而其中涉及動詞的變位、搭配等問題，有一定的難度，接下來老師為大家整理了非謂語動詞語法知識，考試前大家抓緊掌握吧。
一、非謂語動詞的概念
動詞的基本用法是作謂語。當(dāng)句中已經(jīng)有了謂語動詞了，要選或要填的動詞就只能用非謂語形式了。
非謂語形式有三種：1、動詞不定式：to do 2、動詞的ing : doing 3、動詞的過去分詞：done。其中不定式表示目的和將來;動詞的ing表示主動和進行；過去分詞表示被動和完成。
二、非謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
一般式：不定式：主動to do ，被動to be done ; ing 形式：主動doing ，被動being done ;過去分詞：被動done
完成式：不定式：主動to have done ，被動to have been done;ing 形式：主動having done，被動having been done
進行式： 不定式to be doing
三、非謂語動詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：for / of sb. to do sth.
動詞 ing 形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：賓格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主語時，用的所有格+doing)
1. 不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別
（1）動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗，不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗)
（2）不定式做主語，一般用it當(dāng)形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2. 不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別
（1）不定式作表語
① 不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。
② 如果主語是不定式(表示條件)，表語也要是不定式(表示結(jié)果)。
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。
（2）動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。
（3）分詞作表語
分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤健?/p>
puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的
satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的論點很令人信服。
3. 不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別
（1）有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語
acknowledge，admit ，dislike， advocate，complete，appreciate ，avoid，enjoy，delay，escape，deny
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
我很感激兩年前給我出國學(xué)習(xí)的機會。
（2）有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別
① forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)，forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)
② stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事。stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事
③ remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)，remember doing記得做過某事(已做)
④ regret to do對要做的事遺憾，regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔
⑤ try to do努力、企圖做某事，try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法
⑥ mean to do打算，有意要…，mean doing意味著
4. 不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別
（1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。
① 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
② 過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
5. 非謂語動詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)
（1）疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。
When to start has not been decided.何時動身尚未決定。(主語)
I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)
The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在于如何過河。(表語)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)
（2）不帶to的不定式
① 在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。
這類詞有： feel observe overhear watch listen to perceive notice see look at hear
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
② 另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想讓你知道我病了。
上述感覺動詞與使意動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時.其后的不定式一般需帶to，
The boy was made to go to bed early.
③ 在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。
例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV.
但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶to。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.
以上就是老師整理的非謂語動詞的語法知識，內(nèi)容雖然有點多，但是講解得十分清晰，大家復(fù)習(xí)時用起來是很方便的，加上這一語法點非常實用，希望考生能夠好好利用考前剩下的這段時間認真復(fù)習(xí)，爭取一次過關(guān)！
更多四六級語法復(fù)習(xí)：
英語四級語法復(fù)習(xí)：倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
英語四級考試常考時態(tài)解析
英語四級六級語法復(fù)習(xí)：情態(tài)動詞
我們學(xué)習(xí)英語時最常接觸的就是語法，那么你對所有格寫法、分號、和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)究竟懂多少呢？BBC網(wǎng)站最近發(fā)布了十道語法測試題，難住了不少人。趕快來看看你能拿到多少分吧！
1) The man next door has a garden that is being overrun with cats. Which of the following questions is correct?
1. Who's cats are using our neighbours garden?2. Who's cats' are using our neighbours garden?3. Whose cats are using our neighbour's garden?4. Whose cats are using our neighbours' garden?
【正確答案：3】←答案反白可見
2) Lots of people are confused about when to use "may" and when to use "might". Which one is better here?
1. The win against Australia might have been a turning point, but it didn't turn out like that2. The win against Australia may have been a turning point, but it didn't turn out like that
【正確答案：1】←答案反白可見
3) Read this sentence carefully. "I'd like to introduce you to my sister Clara, who lives in Madrid, to Benedict, my brother who doesn't, and to my only other sibling, Hilary." Which of the following is correct?
1. Hilary is male2. Hilary is female3. It's impossible to know from the context
【正確答案：1】←答案反白可見
4) Less and fewer often cause people grief. Which of the following is wrong?
1. There's less water in the river these days2. I eat fewer than five apples a week3. I drink less than three coffees a day
【正確答案：3】←答案反白可見
5) Which of the following sentences correctly contains a semi-colon?
1. My uncle's whiskers are magnificent indeed; but I have no desire to stroke them.2. Landing a plane isn't hard; I once saw a child do it.3. There are two countries beginning with Z; Zimbabwe and Zambia.
【正確答案：2】←答案反白可見
6) "This is the kind of tedious nonsense up with which I will not put!" Which grammar rule was Winston Churchill supposed to have objected to?
1. Don't start a sentence with but.2. Avoid splitting an infinitive.3. Never end a sentence with a preposition.
【正確答案：3】←答案反白可見
7) Sometimes you should use "that" and sometimes "which". Which sentence here is wrong?
1. The car which ran me over was speeding.2. The car that ran me over was speeding.3. The car, which was speeding, ran me over.
【 正確答案：1】←答案反白可見
8) Consider this sentence: "Do you mind my asking you?" Which of the following does it include?
1. Modal2. Gerund3. Imperative
【正確答案：2 】←答案反白可見
9) Which of the following is not correct?
1. I was sitting in the chair2. I sat in the chair3. I was sat in the chair
【正確答案：3】←答案反白可見
10) "The Queen arrived at the castle with the King by her side, in a dress adorned with hand-sewn embroidered dragons." What kind of mistake is this?
1. Fallen subjunctive2. Misplaced modifier3. Dangling participle
【正確答案：2】←答案反白可見
滬江英語小編：上面的10道題大家都答對了幾道？下面是BBC網(wǎng)站對題目答案給出的解釋：
1. Who's" is short for "who is", whereas "whose" is used to describe items that belong to someone. The garden belongs to the neighbour (singular) so needs an apostrophe before the "s".
"Who's" 是 "who is"的縮寫，而 "whose" 則指某物為某人所有。句中描述花園主人時用的是單數(shù)，所以需要用單數(shù)加所有格符號"'s".
2. The use of may or might varies according to context. In this case, because the victory did not result in a turning point, one chooses the more hypothetical might. May would be correct only if the turning point had happened.
由句子可知，勝利并未帶來預(yù)期的轉(zhuǎn)折點。因此要用假設(shè)語氣更強的"might"，只有在"turning point"真正出現(xiàn)時才可以用"may"。
3. The absence of a comma before "who doesn't" implies that there are other brothers. A comma after "my brother" would mean that there was only one brother.
"my brother"和 "who doesn't" 之間沒有用逗號隔開，暗示還有其他的兄弟，"who doesn't"只是限定修飾其中之一。如果 "my brother" 之后有逗號，說明只有一個兄弟。
4. For "countable" things use fewer. For things that are not "countable" - such as water in the river - use less.
可數(shù)名詞用“fewer”，不可數(shù)名詞用“l(fā)ess”。句中“coffees”指的是“幾杯咖啡”。
5. Here it links two independent clauses. You do not use it before a conjunction such as "and" or "but". A colon or dash would work better in the last sentence.
分號用來連接兩個獨立的子句，這時句中不會出現(xiàn)"and" 或"but"等連詞。最后一句用冒號或破折號更好。
6. The story is apocryphal. It is likely that the comment came from a memorandum written by one of Churchill's civil servants.
這個定語從句分寫成簡單句是：This is the kind of tedious nonsense. I will not put up with the nonsense.
7. "That" defines something, whereas "which" adds new information in a separate clause, often needing commas.
"that" 用于定義某物狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)，而 "which" 會在從句中增添新的信息，并且時常會用逗號隔開。
8. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing".
gerund：動名詞；指由動詞加"-ing"變?yōu)槊~的情況。
9. To use "was" requires the participle "sitting" after it.
"was" 后要用分詞 "sitting" 。
10. This is a clause placed so awkwardly as to create ambiguity or misunderstanding. A dangling participle is a type of misplaced modifier involving a participle. Fallen subjunctive does not exist.
這句話語序混亂表達不清。"dangling participle" 指的是垂懸分詞，是"misplaced modifier" （修飾錯位）的一種，涉及分詞形式； "fallen subjunctive"是“錯用虛擬”，本句沒有用到虛擬語氣。
四六級備考階段考生容易忽略對語法知識的總結(jié)，而考試時語法又是一大關(guān)鍵，定語從句在四六級考試中非常常見，也是考試的重點語法，這里輔導(dǎo)老師為大家總結(jié)出來了詳細的定語從句的語法知識，希望對大家考前的復(fù)習(xí)有幫助。
一、定語從句的概念
定語從句是指在復(fù)合句中，修飾限定某一名詞或代詞的從句。
例如：You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan.
上面例句中的the house就是后面定語從句所修飾或限定的詞，叫先行詞，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。
二、關(guān)系詞（連接詞）
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞：that, which, who (賓格whom, 所有格whose) 和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why。關(guān)系詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時還做定語從句的一個成分。
1． 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞主要有that、which、who、whom、whose，其中whom引導(dǎo)的是賓格，whose引導(dǎo)的是所有格。
2．that與which的用法區(qū)分
1）只能用that，不能用which作為定語從句關(guān)系代詞的情況
a）當(dāng)先行詞由不定代詞anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等代替時，關(guān)系代詞只能用that而不能用which 。例如：There is nothing that I can do
b）先行詞有the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時
例如：The last place that I visited was the hospital.
c）先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級。
例如：This is the first composition that he has written in English.
d）先行詞既有人，又有物時
例如：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
2）只用which不用that的情況
a）引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時
例如：The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b）介詞后用which
例如：We depend on the land from which we get our food.
3．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。
1）先行詞是表示地點名詞時（country, school, room…），而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語，一般用where引導(dǎo)定語從句。也可以用介詞+which的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得留意的是which前的介詞選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。
例如：He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago.
2）先行詞是表示時間名詞時，而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語，一般用when引導(dǎo)定語從句。也可以用介詞+which的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得留意的是when前的介詞選擇是根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系而定。
例如：I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city.
3）先行詞是the reason，而關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語，一般用why引導(dǎo)定語從句。也可以用for + which的結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer?
但是這里要指出的是，假如介詞和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三種意思，則我們只能留存介詞+Which的形式。如 I know English in which I wrote the love letter.
4．判定關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一：用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必需要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。
方法二：正確判定先行詞在定語從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能準確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/ 關(guān)系副詞。
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關(guān)系代詞（who, whom,that, which, whose）；先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 （where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語）。
5．限定性從句和非限定性從句
1）定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部門，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。例如：
All the Greeks who are philosophers are very clever. （限制性）
All the Greeks, who are philosophers, are very clever. (非限制性)
2）非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行潤飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如：The traffic of Beijing is quite bad, which is known to everyone.
6．定語從句的省略
(1) 關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)從句賓語
我們前面說到連接詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個成分，有可能是主語、有可能是賓語，我相信大家肯定還記得，這里我們要告訴大家，當(dāng)這些連接詞充當(dāng)?shù)氖琴e語時，可以省略。例如：
1. The book (that/which) we bought last year is now very popular.
2. We can see the boys (who/whom/that) the teacher is talking with are quite happy.
(2) 關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)從句主語
當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)從句主語時，也可以省略，但是省略后的從句要發(fā)生形式的變化，原從句若為主動語態(tài)，后面的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)要變成分詞ing形式，原從句若為被動語態(tài)，后面的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)直接為過去動詞結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在英語語法中稱為分詞作定語。例如：
The novel which was given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
The novel given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
The novel which mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.
The novel mainly discussing the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.
SP: (1) why的先行詞reason或可用that 指代的名詞也是定語從句的原因狀語時，關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞可以省略。例如：
1. That is the reason (for which/why) you dislike it.
2. I wonder the reason (why/for which) he changed his mind.
(2) 表示方式的先行詞way，其后的關(guān)系代詞可用that也可省略，例如：
1. Everyone does not like the way (that) he talks.
2. Do you know the way (that) the teacher treated his students.
以上就是老師為大家總結(jié)的關(guān)于四六級考試中定語從句的語法知識，內(nèi)容看似復(fù)雜，實際上很容易掌握，對照題目來看很多疑惑都能引刃而解，考試中無論翻譯還是作文當(dāng)中都會頻繁用到，希望考生能夠完全掌握。
聲明：滬江網(wǎng)高度重視知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護，發(fā)現(xiàn)本網(wǎng)站發(fā)布的信息包含有侵犯其著作權(quán)的鏈接內(nèi)容時，請聯(lián)系我們，我們將做相應(yīng)處理。
