在我們進(jìn)行的考試中，閱讀的題型是必不可少的，那要怎么攻克GMAT的閱讀呢？今天成都申友GMAT來(lái)給大家說(shuō)一下，GMAT閱讀到底有哪些題型！?在GMAT閱讀的考試中，包含四篇文章，長(zhǎng)短各兩篇，長(zhǎng)篇文章中有四個(gè)問(wèn)題，短片文章中有三個(gè)問(wèn)題，一共有14道題。??1. 主旨(Main idea)- 考察我們對(duì)文章整體的把握程度,對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力和把控能力, 以及對(duì)作者邏輯的判斷。?2. 支持主題(Supporting ideas)- 考察我們對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)知。?3. 推斷(Inference)- 考察我們對(duì)文章的深度理解,以及邏輯推斷能力。?4. 邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)(Logical structure)- 考察我們對(duì)作者寫(xiě)作目的更深層次的認(rèn)識(shí),以及文章本身的邏輯?5. 應(yīng)用文中的信息于文章之外(Applying information to a context outside the passage itself)- 考察我們對(duì)文章整體或某處細(xì)節(jié)的把握,選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的東西都不屬于文?章,但要“貌離神合”。思想和文章并無(wú)二致,但是載體千變?nèi)f化。?6. 評(píng)價(jià)(Evaluation)- 考察我們對(duì)文章中某一段的主旨意思的理解,以及對(duì)作者作此段落或詞 的用意的理解。?7. 應(yīng)用(Application)- 考察我們對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的深度認(rèn)知,并達(dá)到可以應(yīng)用總結(jié)的地步。??在這幾種題型中，主旨題是最常見(jiàn)的形式，幾乎每篇閱讀都有一道主旨題，主旨題的問(wèn)法通常是The passage is primarily concerned about…或者The purpose of the passage is to…對(duì)于主旨題，我們首先需要的是把文章的結(jié)構(gòu)理清楚。通過(guò)做閱讀會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，GMTA閱讀篇幅短小，但是觀點(diǎn)明確，行文嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，因此對(duì)于主旨題，切忌以文章的某個(gè)小點(diǎn)來(lái)代替全文的內(nèi)容，一定要從整體出發(fā)，有“大局意識(shí)”。主旨題相對(duì)于需要推理類(lèi)的細(xì)節(jié)題比較容易，因?yàn)槲覀儚?qiáng)調(diào)拿到一篇GMAT文章首先需要看文章的結(jié)構(gòu)句，結(jié)構(gòu)句通常就會(huì)給出這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，結(jié)構(gòu)句就相當(dāng)于主干，把整篇文章串聯(lián)起來(lái)。第一遍先瀏覽結(jié)構(gòu)句，第二遍再來(lái)通讀全文，那這個(gè)時(shí)候再來(lái)做主旨題，就比較確定了。而且大家會(huì)注意到，主旨題的選項(xiàng)通常是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞加賓語(yǔ)，我們首先看動(dòng)詞，一般選擇態(tài)度中性的詞語(yǔ)，比如discuss，argue或者explain等，除非作者態(tài)度很明顯，那么對(duì)于challenge，dismiss，refute這些態(tài)度偏向很明顯的動(dòng)詞，通常都是不選的。舉個(gè)主旨題的例子：For many years, historians thought that the development of capitalism had not faced serious challenges in the United States. Writing in the early twentieth century, Progressive historians sympathized with the battles waged by farmers and small producers against large capitalists in the late nineteenth century, but they did not question the widespread acceptance of laissez-faire (unregulated) capitalism throughout American history. Similarly, Louis Hartz, who sometimes disagreed with the Progressives, argued that Americans accepted laissez-faire capitalism without challenge because they lacked a feudal, precaptialist past. Recently, however, some scholars have argued that even though laissez-faire became the prevailing ethos in nineteen-century America, it was not accepted without struggle.?Laissez-faire capitalism, they suggest, clashed with existing religious and communitarian norms that imposed moral constraints on acquisitiveness to protect the weak from the predatory, the strong from corruption, and the entire culture from materialist excess. Buttressed by mercantilist notions that government should be both regulator and promoter of economic activity, these norms persisted long after the American Revolution helped unleash the economic forces that produced capitalism. These scholars argue that even in the late nineteenth century, with the government’s role in the economy considerably diminished, laissez-faire had not triumphed completely. Hard times continued to revive popular demands for regulating business and softening the harsh edges of laissez-faire capitalism. 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) reveal the underlying similarities of certain arguments regarding the development of capitalism in the United States (B) synthesize two competing arguments regarding the development of capitalism in the United States (C) defend an established argument regarding the development of capitalism in the United States (D) summarize a scholarly refutation of an argument regarding the development of capitalism in the United States (E) discuss a new methodology for the study of the development of capitalism in the United States 這是一篇一段式文章。一段式文章首句是非常重要的，而這篇文章首句告訴我們歷史學(xué)家提出了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，即資本主義的發(fā)展沒(méi)有受到挑戰(zhàn)。至于后文的Progressive historians和Louis Hartz這兩個(gè)人，他們的觀點(diǎn)只是一種并列的關(guān)系（由similarly連接），所以這兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的作用是相同的。而他們的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)歷史學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)不構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折或者對(duì)比的關(guān)系，所以這兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的作用自然是對(duì)歷史學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明和進(jìn)一步論證。當(dāng)我們?cè)趯?duì)主旨題的選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行判斷的時(shí)候，Progressive historians和Louis Hartz其實(shí)不用太多的考慮。Recently, however, some scholars have argued that even though laissez-faire became the prevailing ethos in nineteen-century America, it was not accepted without struggle.一直到這句，關(guān)鍵性的句子出現(xiàn)了，recently和首句的for many years形成了對(duì)比，而且however之后提出了學(xué)者新的觀點(diǎn)，他們認(rèn)為資本主義（laissez-faire?capitalism）的發(fā)展是受到了挑戰(zhàn)的。所以我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，后文那么一大段的內(nèi)容，都是為了來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明學(xué)者的觀點(diǎn)。所以我們這樣一梳理，文章的主旨就顯得很清晰了：學(xué)者和歷史學(xué)家關(guān)于資本主義是否受到挑戰(zhàn)的觀點(diǎn)是相反的，而作者主要是在提出學(xué)者的觀點(diǎn)并展開(kāi)論證。所以這個(gè)時(shí)候?qū)x項(xiàng)進(jìn)行分析，D選項(xiàng)體現(xiàn)了學(xué)者的反駁，沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。A選項(xiàng)中similarities不存在，B選項(xiàng)中synthesize沒(méi)有合成，C選項(xiàng)中defend an established argument，established不合理，因?yàn)閷W(xué)者的觀點(diǎn)是近來(lái)新提出的，E選項(xiàng)中，a new methodology文章沒(méi)有提到。主旨題只要掌握了方法提升應(yīng)該是比較快的，需要的是大家下來(lái)多練習(xí)。對(duì)于細(xì)節(jié)題我們這次主要解決一類(lèi)比較典型的題目，目的題。同學(xué)們會(huì)經(jīng)常遇到一種題型，問(wèn)文章提到某句話或者某個(gè)信息是為了干什么（in order to/ function）。這類(lèi)題型同學(xué)們要知道，問(wèn)某句話的作用，不僅僅是考察這句話的信息，還需要判斷這句話在上下文中所產(chǎn)生的關(guān)系（解釋、論證、對(duì)比、反駁），所以目的題要結(jié)合上下文進(jìn)行思考。再舉個(gè)例子。Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific; that is, each has more than one effect on the growth and development of plants. The five have so many simultaneous effects that they are not very useful in artificially controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance, stimulates the rate of cell elongation, causes shoots to grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the growth of lateral shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to develop a vascular system, to form lateral roots, and to produce ethylene. The author mentions specific effects that auxin has on plant development in orderto illustrate theA. point that some of the effects of plant hormones can be harmful.B. way in which hormones are produced by plants.C. hierarchical nature of the functioning of plant hormones.D. differences among the best-known plant hormones.E. concept of pleiotropy as it is exhibited by plant hormones.這是某篇文章中的一段，首句告訴我們?cè)趯?duì)比兩個(gè)對(duì)象，oligosaccharins和five well-known plant hormones，而且突出5大植物激素有pleiotropic（多效型）。第二句simultaneous effects其實(shí)就是上文的pleiotropic，進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明5大植物激素的pleiotropic。最后提到了Auxin，它作為一個(gè)例子，可能會(huì)有生單詞或者生物現(xiàn)象不理解，但是我們知道這個(gè)例子同樣也是為了說(shuō)明pleiotropy，就夠了。所以這個(gè)時(shí)候問(wèn)提到Auxin的目的，自然是為了解釋說(shuō)明pleiotropy，選E。A選項(xiàng)中harmful沒(méi)有提到，B選項(xiàng)與該段無(wú)關(guān)，C選項(xiàng)中hierarchical nature與本段無(wú)關(guān)，D選項(xiàng)differences沒(méi)有提到，都很好排除。在GMAT閱讀中，主旨題和目的題都是相對(duì)比較容易的題型，同學(xué)們知道了它們考察的目的和方向，了解了技巧，做題速度和正確率都會(huì)有很大的提升。同學(xué)們要注意，GMAT閱讀選擇某個(gè)選項(xiàng)一定是有原因或者邏輯的，在文中能夠找到相應(yīng)的信息一一對(duì)應(yīng)，所以同學(xué)們一定不要從感覺(jué)出發(fā)，感覺(jué)某個(gè)選項(xiàng)怎么樣，要回到文章定位，找到確切的信息。閱讀是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的過(guò)程，很難在短時(shí)間內(nèi)速成，不過(guò)GMAT文章都是有一定規(guī)律的，也就是我們說(shuō)的結(jié)構(gòu)層次，多練習(xí)多劃分文章結(jié)構(gòu)層次，相信大家能有很大的提升。