? ? ? ?
django版本1.8.2
pip install django==1.8.2
設計介紹
本示例完成“圖書-英雄”信息的維護，需要存儲兩種數(shù)據(jù)：圖書、英雄
圖書表結構設計：
表名：BookInfo
圖書名稱：btitle
圖書發(fā)布時間：bpub_date
英雄表結構設計：
表名：HeroInfo
英雄姓名：hname
英雄性別：hgender
英雄簡介：hcontent
所屬圖書：hbook
圖書-英雄的關系為一對多
數(shù)據(jù)庫配置
在settings.py文件中，通過DATABASES項進行數(shù)據(jù)庫設置
django支持的數(shù)據(jù)庫包括：sqlite、mysql等主流數(shù)據(jù)庫
Django默認使用SQLite數(shù)據(jù)庫

命令django-admin startproject test1
進入test1目錄，目錄結構如下圖：

2018-07-17 00-19-45屏幕截圖.png

image.png

目錄說明
manage.py：一個命令行工具，可以使你用多種方式對Django項目進行交互
內層的目錄：項目的真正的Python包
_init _.py：一個空文件，它告訴Python這個目錄應該被看做一個Python包
settings.py：項目的配置
urls.py：項目的URL聲明
wsgi.py：項目與WSGI兼容的Web服務器入口

創(chuàng)建應用
在一個項目中可以創(chuàng)建一到多個應用，每個應用進行一種業(yè)務處理
創(chuàng)建應用的命令：python manage.py startapp booktest
應用的目錄結構如下圖

image.png

image.png

d3.png

定義模型類models.py

有一個數(shù)據(jù)表，就有一個模型類與之對應
打開models.py文件，定義模型類
引入包from django.db import models
模型類繼承自models.Model類
說明：不需要定義主鍵列，在生成時會自動添加，并且值為自動增長
當輸出對象時，會調用對象的str方法

代碼如下:

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

class BookInfo(models.Model):
    btitle=models.CharField(max_length=20)
    bpub_date=models.DateTimeField()
    def __str__(self):
        return self.btitle.encode('utf-8')


class HeroInfo(models.Model):
    hname=models.CharField(max_length=10)
    hgender=models.BooleanField()
    hcontent=models.CharField(max_length=1000)
    hbook=models.ForeignKey(BookInfo)
    def __str__(self):
        return self.hname.encode('utf-8')

然后

(python2) linux@ubuntu:~/桌面/project/test1$ python manage.py runserver 8080

生成數(shù)據(jù)表

• 激活模型：編輯settings.py文件，將booktest應用加入到installed_apps中

INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'booktest'
)

• 生成遷移文件：根據(jù)模型類生成sql語句

python manage.py makemigrations

(python2) linux@ubuntu:~/桌面/project/test1$ python manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for 'booktest':
  0001_initial.py:
    - Create model BookInfo
    - Create model HeroInfo
/home/linux/.virtualenvs/python2/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py:302: UnicodeWarning: Unicode equal comparison failed to convert both arguments to Unicode - interpreting them as being unequal
  return name == ":memory:" or "mode=memory" in force_text(name)

(python2) linux@ubuntu:~/桌面/project/test1$ ^C

• 遷移文件被生成到應用的migrations目錄

  
  
  image.png
• 執(zhí)行遷移：執(zhí)行sql語句生成數(shù)據(jù)表

python manage.py migrate

(python2) linux@ubuntu:~/桌面/project/test1$ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
  Synchronize unmigrated apps: staticfiles, messages
  Apply all migrations: admin, contenttypes, sessions, auth, booktest
Synchronizing apps without migrations:
  Creating tables...
    Running deferred SQL...
  Installing custom SQL...
/home/linux/.virtualenvs/python2/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py:302: UnicodeWarning: Unicode equal comparison failed to convert both arguments to Unicode - interpreting them as being unequal
  return name == ":memory:" or "mode=memory" in force_text(name)

Running migrations:
  Rendering model states... DONE
  Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
  Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
  Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
  Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
  Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
  Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
  Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
  Applying booktest.0001_initial... OK
  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
(python2) linux@ubuntu:~/桌面/project/test1$ 

測試數(shù)據(jù)操作

• 進入python shell，進行簡單的模型API練習

python manage.py shell

• 進入shell后提示如下：

(python2) linux@ubuntu:~/桌面/project/test1$ python manage.py shell
Python 2.7.15rc1 (default, Apr 15 2018, 21:51:34) 
[GCC 7.3.0] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> from booktest.models import *
>>> b=BookInfo()
>>> b.btitle='abc'
>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> b.bpub_date=datetime(year=1990,month=1,day=12)
>>> b.save()
/home/linux/.virtualenvs/python2/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py:1474: RuntimeWarning: DateTimeField BookInfo.bpub_date received a naive datetime (1990-01-12 00:00:00) while time zone support is active.
  RuntimeWarning)

# 查詢所有圖書信息：
>>> BookInfo.objects.all()
[<BookInfo: abc>]
>>> b=BookInfo.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> b.btitle='123'
>>> b.save()
>>> BookInfo.objects.all()
[<BookInfo: 123>]

# 刪除
>>> b.delete()
>>> BookInfo.objects.all()
[]

按Ctrl+d退出shell

使用django的管理

• 創(chuàng)建一個管理員用戶

python manage.py createsuperuser，按提示輸入用戶名、郵箱、密碼

• 啟動服務器，通過“127.0.0.1:8000/admin”訪問，輸入上面創(chuàng)建的用戶名、密碼完成登錄
• 進入管理站點，默認可以對groups、users進行管理

(python2) linux@ubuntu:~/桌面/project/test1$ python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'linux'): abc
Email address: abc@163.com
Password: 123
Password (again): 123
Superuser created successfully.
/home/linux/.virtualenvs/python2/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py:302: UnicodeWarning: Unicode equal comparison failed to convert both arguments to Unicode - interpreting them as being unequal
  return name == ":memory:" or "mode=memory" in force_text(name)



(python2) linux@ubuntu:~/桌面/project/test1$ python manage.py runserver
Performing system checks...

System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
July 17, 2018 - 09:50:32
Django version 1.8.2, using settings 'test1.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

• 在瀏覽器瀏覽(http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/login/?next=/admin/)
  
  image.png
  
  
  image.png

管理界面本地化

• 編輯settings.py文件，設置編碼、時區(qū)

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-Hans'  # 'en-us'

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'  # 'UTC'

USE_I18N = True

USE_L10N = True

USE_TZ = True

向admin注冊booktest的模型

• 打開booktest/admin.py文件，注冊模型

from django.contrib import admin
from models import *

# Register your models here.


admin.site.register(BookInfo)
admin.site.register(HeroInfo)

• 刷新管理頁面，可以對BookInfo的數(shù)據(jù)進行增刪改查操作
• 問題：如果在str方法中返回中文，在修改和添加時會報ascii的錯誤

• 解決：在str()方法中，將字符串末尾添加“.encode('utf-8')”

  
  
  image.png
  
  
  image.png
  
  
  image.png

自定義管理頁面

• Django提供了admin.ModelAdmin類
• 通過定義ModelAdmin的子類，來定義模型在Admin界面的顯示方式

class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    ...
admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)

列表頁屬性

• list_display：顯示字段，可以點擊列頭進行排序

list_display = ['pk', 'btitle', 'bpub_date']

• list_filter：過濾字段，過濾框會出現(xiàn)在右側

list_filter = ['btitle']

• search_fields：搜索字段，搜索框會出現(xiàn)在上側

search_fields = ['btitle']

• list_per_page：分頁，分頁框會出現(xiàn)在下側

list_per_page = 10

添加、修改頁屬性

• fields：屬性的先后順序

fields = ['bpub_date', 'btitle']

• fieldsets：屬性分組

fieldsets = [
    ('basic',{'fields': ['btitle']}),
    ('more', {'fields': ['bpub_date']}),
]

修改admin.py

from django.contrib import admin
from models import *

# Register your models here.


class BookInfoAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['id','btitle','bpub_date']
    list_filter = ['btitle']
    search_fields = ['btitle']
    list_per_page = 1
    fieldsets = [
        ('base',{'fields':['btitle']}),
        ('super',{'fields':['bpub_date']})
    ]


admin.site.register(BookInfo,BookInfoAdmin)
admin.site.register(HeroInfo)

效果圖

image.png