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This is Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.
這里是科學(xué)美國(guó)人——60秒科學(xué)。我是克里斯托弗·因塔利亞塔。
There are now more than 16 million bitcoins in?circulation, with a total market cap of 130 billion dollars—more than the market value of Netflix, Priceline or Starbucks. Just going by numbers, bitcoin is the one coin to rule them all.
目前在流通的比特幣數(shù)量超過1600萬，總市值達(dá)1300億美元——這比奈飛公司、旅游網(wǎng)站旅游網(wǎng)站和星巴克公司的市值都要高。只從數(shù)量來說，比特幣可以統(tǒng)治所有貨幣。
??circulation 主要強(qiáng)調(diào)某物從一個(gè)人到另一個(gè)人的這個(gè)傳播過程，可以指 (a) 新聞﹑ 信息﹑ 謠言等流傳; 傳播: the circulation of news／ information／rumours etc.也可以指(b) 鈔票，貨幣等流通: Police say a number of forged banknotes are in circulation.警方稱市面上有一定數(shù)量的偽鈔. in/out of circulation（不）在社會(huì)上或事業(yè)上活躍；（不）再流通的
Police believe there are thousands of illegal guns in circulation.警方相信仍有數(shù)千把非法槍支在市場(chǎng)上流通。
The book was taken out of circulation. 這本書已經(jīng)停止發(fā)行了。
She's been ill but now she's back in circulation.她一直生病, 但現(xiàn)在又重新參加活動(dòng)了.?
??market cap市值，是Market capitalization的簡(jiǎn)寫
市值指一間（或一組）上市公司在證券市場(chǎng)上的「市場(chǎng)價(jià)格總值」的簡(jiǎn)稱。
一般會(huì)以該上市公司在相關(guān)證券市場(chǎng)上的收市價(jià)格作為計(jì)算基準(zhǔn)，乘以其已發(fā)行的股份總數(shù)，而得出的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格總值。由于市值的計(jì)算基準(zhǔn)為有關(guān)上市公司的收市價(jià)，因此數(shù)字會(huì)隨股價(jià)升降而變動(dòng)，而市值的升降，亦反映投資市場(chǎng)的買賣氣氛
??market value 某物的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值; 市價(jià)；投資者對(duì)一家公司的估價(jià)
offer a car at 500 below (its) market value 以低于市場(chǎng)價(jià)格500英鎊出售一輛汽車.?
Netflix(Nasdaq NFLX) 成立于1997年，是一家在線影片租賃提供商，主要提供Netflix超大數(shù)量的DVD并免費(fèi)遞送，總部位于美國(guó)加利福尼亞州洛斯蓋圖。2013年Netflix出品的《紙牌屋》更是被推上全球矚目的風(fēng)口浪尖，隨后《鐵杉樹叢》、《女子監(jiān)獄》等接連多部劇集均保持超高質(zhì)量成為了現(xiàn)象級(jí)話題。?
Priceline是美國(guó)人Jay Walker在1998年創(chuàng)立的一家基于C2B商業(yè)模式的旅游服務(wù)網(wǎng)站。是目前美國(guó)最大的在 線旅游公司。在Priceline網(wǎng)站，最直觀的可選項(xiàng)目就是機(jī)票、酒店、租車、旅游保險(xiǎn)。Priceline屬于典型的網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)，它為買賣雙方提供一個(gè)信息平臺(tái)，以便交易，同時(shí)提取一定傭金。
星巴克（Starbucks）大家都很熟悉了吧～1971年成立，是全球最大的咖啡連鎖店，其總部坐落美國(guó)華盛頓州西雅圖市。星巴克旗下零售產(chǎn)品包括30多款全球頂級(jí)的咖啡豆、手工制作的濃縮咖啡和多款咖啡冷熱飲料、新鮮美味的各式糕點(diǎn)食品以及豐富多樣的咖啡機(jī)、咖啡杯等商品。
??go by 憑···判斷；根據(jù)某事物形成意見或做出判斷:
Have we enough evidence to go by? 我們有足以做出判斷的證據(jù)嗎?
It's not always wise to go by appearances. 根據(jù)表面現(xiàn)象看問題有時(shí)是不可取的.?
If past experience is anything to go by, the plane will be late. 過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)要是還靠得住的話, 這飛機(jī)會(huì)晚點(diǎn)的.
But if you consider the spectrum of 600 actively traded cryptocoins as a financial ecosystem...you can take an evolutionary approach, and ask: which is the 'fittest' of the coins?
但是，如果將600種交易活躍加密貨幣當(dāng)作一個(gè)金融系統(tǒng)來看，那你可以采取漸進(jìn)的方式，并詢問：哪種貨幣最好？
??spectrum / ?spektr?m; ˋsp?ktr?m/ n (復(fù)數(shù)形式為 spectra?/ ?spektr?; ˋsp?ktr?/) (通常作單數(shù))?
本意為光譜；聲譜; 頻譜 the sound spectrum 聲譜.，現(xiàn)在通常也引申為范圍; 系列: covering the whole spectrum of ability 涉及整個(gè)能力范圍. She'd seen his moods range across the emotional spectrum. 她見證了他經(jīng)歷過各種情緒。
Politicians across the political spectrum have denounced the act. 政界各方人士紛紛譴責(zé)此舉。
??cryptocoin等于下文中的cryptocurrency，這個(gè)詞來自cryptography + coin/currency的組合，目前譯法不一，主要解釋為為“電子加密貨幣”。cryptography是密碼學(xué)， coin/currency就是錢幣／貨幣
??ecosystem 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，指某一地區(qū)的生物之間相互聯(lián)系，與環(huán)境共同作用組成的完整系統(tǒng)。這里的financial ecosystem將電子貨幣交易市場(chǎng)比做一個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，這600多種電子貨幣就如同生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的動(dòng)植物相互聯(lián)系相互影響。
??take an evolutionary approach
evolutionary?/?i?v??lu???nr?; US ?ev??lu???ner?;??v?`lu??n??r?/ adj. 進(jìn)化的; 由進(jìn)化產(chǎn)生的; 進(jìn)化論的; 發(fā)展的: evolutionary processes 進(jìn)化過程.
采取···的方式可以用take an ··· approach，這種用法比較書面和正式，還可以用動(dòng)詞use／adopt／make 與approach搭配，也可以說take steps／actions／measures to do sth，再口語化一點(diǎn)，可以只簡(jiǎn)單地說do something about it
Or, in other words: "Every cryptocurrency, bitcoin, ethereum, there are many...are a different species." Andrea Baronchelli, a network scientist at City, University of London.
或者換句話說，“加密貨幣、比特幣、以太坊等等，很多不同種類的虛擬貨幣都在流通。”倫敦大學(xué)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)科學(xué)家安德里亞·巴倫凱利說道。
??species?/?spi??i?z; `spi?iz/ n (單復(fù)數(shù)同形) 物種，種；(口語) 種類，類型（sort，type）
various animal species 各種動(dòng)物
an odd species of writer 古怪的作家
還記得剛剛生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的那個(gè)比喻么？此處把各種各樣的密碼貨幣，不用all kinds of這種常規(guī)的表達(dá)，而用species，既指不同物種，也指不同種類。
He and his team used evolutionary models to approximate the real-world behavior of cryptocurrencies. Each week of currency trading was treated as a new generation of progeny. Reporting their results in the journal Royal Society Open Science, they found that a so-called 'neutral' model of evolution best explained coin behavior...meaning no coin had a selective advantage.
他和團(tuán)隊(duì)使用演化模型來模擬加密貨幣在真實(shí)世界的行為。每周的貨幣交易都被視為新一代的產(chǎn)生。他們將研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《英國(guó)皇家學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)報(bào)·開放科學(xué)》期刊上，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，所謂的“中立”演化模型對(duì)貨幣的行為進(jìn)行了最好的解釋，這說明沒有貨幣有選擇優(yōu)勢(shì)。
??approximate 熟詞僻義 此處為動(dòng)詞詞性 近似，使…接近，粗略估計(jì)；接近于，近似于
權(quán)威例句
Cage and everyone else trying to approximate reality miss the fact that games are fundamentally participatory.?
凱奇和其他所有想要接近事情真相的人都忽視了一個(gè)問題：這個(gè)游戲從根本上就是全員參與的。
FORBES: PS4: Polygon Counts Have Nothing to Do With Emotion in Games
??progeny / ?pr?d??n?; ˋprɑd??n?/ n (fml 正式用語) (a) 子女; 幼崽: Natural selection might be expected to favour the progeny of men who enjoy bringing them up. 自然選擇也許更偏愛那些樂于帶孩子男人的后代。 (b) 說某物的progeny，就是指從此物發(fā)展出來的其他東西，譯為結(jié)果,結(jié)局,成果 Among its many progeny, the 1944 Education Act gave birth to the modern youth service. 在1944年通過的《教育法案》的諸多衍生條款中，就包括了現(xiàn)代青年教育服務(wù)。
??selective advantage 選擇優(yōu)勢(shì)。這其實(shí)是個(gè)生物學(xué)概念，就是適者生存，與那些更不能適應(yīng)的發(fā)生種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)具有優(yōu)勢(shì)的存活下來 被環(huán)境所選擇
In a straight fight, therefore, it was the drug-sensitive strain that had the selective advantage when faced with a two-pronged attack. 這場(chǎng)直接的菌群較量說明了當(dāng)面對(duì)兩種進(jìn)攻的時(shí)候，敏感菌有優(yōu)勢(shì)。
??Reporting their results in the journal Royal Society Open Science, they found that a so-called 'neutral' model of evolution best explained coin behavior...meaning no coin had a selective advantage.
他們將研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《英國(guó)皇家學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)報(bào)·開放科學(xué)》期刊上，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，所謂的“中立”演化模型對(duì)貨幣的行為進(jìn)行了最好的解釋，這說明沒有貨幣有選擇優(yōu)勢(shì)。
????語法現(xiàn)象：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
????語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可? 放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末。并將其置于主語之前。
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身并不是一個(gè)句子，而是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語所組成的短語結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒有關(guān)系，具有相對(duì)獨(dú)立性，所以通常被稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成方式主要是：名詞／代詞+非謂語動(dòng)詞（V-ing；V-ed）／形容詞／副詞／介詞短語，有時(shí)也會(huì)在名詞或代詞前面加上with，但這種情況只見于表伴隨的用法。也有由there或it引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
??獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般都出現(xiàn)書面語中，如文獻(xiàn)中。口語中幾乎不用。
??????名詞或代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
????We will go for a picnic tomorrow, weather permitting.
????He being ill, we'd better go and see him.
??????名詞或代詞+過去分詞
????The work finished, she went home.
????We given more time, a better cake could have been made.?
??????名詞（代詞）+形容詞或副詞
????He is lying in bed, his eyes wide open.
????He dead like a dog, everyone on the street showed no mercy on him.
??????名詞或代詞+不定式
????Nobody to attend the meeting tomorrow, we will have to put it off.
????Enough people to help her, she is sure to win the game.
??????名詞或代詞+介詞短語
????The teacher came in, book in hand.
????He is talking on the phone, she in his arms.?
??????特殊的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
????1）There being +名詞或代詞
????There being nothing else to do, we left the office early.
????2）It being +名詞或代詞
????It being Christmas, the local shops were open late into the night.
????3）with引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
????當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格表伴隨時(shí)，也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，但其邏輯主語一般都是名詞，很少會(huì)用代詞。其形式為：with +名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語等。如：
????He stood under the tree, He being ill. = He stood under the tree, his mouth wide open.
????The murder was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. = The murder was brought in, his hands tied behind his back.
??在含有介詞短語的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用中，需要注意的是，當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí)，其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用復(fù)數(shù)，但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制。
His sister entered his room, doll in hand. = His sister entered his room, with a doll in her hand.
????句子解析：本句中有兩個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，分別是Reporting their results in the journal Royal Society Open Science和meaning no coin had a selective advantage。由于Reporting their results的邏輯主語與主句中的they一致，故省略，否則不可省。主句they found that a so-called 'neutral' model of evolution best explained coin behavior 的謂語是found，且包含一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，后面的meaning no coin had a selective advantage做補(bǔ)充說明，省略引導(dǎo)賓語從句的that，meaning的邏輯主語也和主句中found的主語一樣，都是They，故略之。
Which?implies that: "Investors choose which cryptocurrencies to invest in only proportional to the cryptocurrency's market share, and nothing else. So they are not apparently considering other fundamentals like the underlying technology or the purpose for which a certain cryptocurrency has been designed for. They are just sampling each cryptocurrency proportional to its market share.”
這也暗示著：“投資者選擇哪種加密貨幣進(jìn)行投資，只與加密貨幣的市場(chǎng)份額成正比，與其他無關(guān)。所以，顯然他們并沒有考慮其他基本因素，比如基本技術(shù)或某種加密貨幣的設(shè)計(jì)目的等。他們只是對(duì)每種加密貨幣的市場(chǎng)占有率進(jìn)行抽樣?！?/p>
??imply?/?m?pla?; ?m`pla?/v 含有...的意思; 暗示; 暗指:
His silence implied agreement. 他沉默不語意味著同意了.?
I don't wish to imply that you are wrong. 我無意暗示你錯(cuò)了.
??proportional to?/pr??p????nl; pr?`p?r??nl/（與某事物在大小、數(shù)量或程度上）相稱的, 成比例的
Payment will be proportional to the amount of work done. 酬金將與工作量成比例.
??market share 市場(chǎng)占有率（一公司等的某種貨物或服務(wù)項(xiàng)目在市場(chǎng)中所占的比例）
Thomsons have a 48% market share. 湯姆森公司有48%的市場(chǎng)占有率.
??fundamentaln (通常作復(fù)數(shù)) 基本規(guī)則; 基本原則; 基本原理; 基本部分: ?
the fundamentals of religion／philosophy／art etc 宗教、哲學(xué)、藝術(shù)等的基本原理.
??underlying?指事物不明顯的，隱含的，深層次的特征。
The underlying assumption is that the amount of money available is limited.
隱含的假定是，可用的資金有限。
Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate.失業(yè)可能是犯罪率攀升的潛在原因。
And only when investors begin to value coins for a particular attribute—such as their convenience or their intrinsic technological advantages—will the market start to actively pick winners.
只有當(dāng)投資者開始重視貨幣的特定屬性——比如貨幣的便利性或其內(nèi)在的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)——市場(chǎng)才會(huì)開始積極地挑選贏家。
Thanks for listening for Scientific American — 60-Second Science Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.
謝謝大家收聽科學(xué)美國(guó)人——60秒科學(xué)。我是克里斯托弗·因塔利亞塔。
??attribute?/??tr?bju?t; `?tr??bjut/ n 屬性; 特質(zhì); 性質(zhì):?
Her greatest attribute was her kindness. 她最大的特點(diǎn)是為人厚道.?
Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher. 當(dāng)教師最重要的一個(gè)品性就是要有耐心.
??intrinsic?/?n?tr?ns?k, -z?k; ?n`tr?ns?k, -z?k/ adj（指價(jià)值或性質(zhì)）固有的, 內(nèi)在的, 本質(zhì)的:?
A man's intrinsic worth, eg arising from such qualities as honour and courage, rather than how much he owns. 一個(gè)人的內(nèi)在價(jià)值來源于如正義感、勇敢等品質(zhì), 而不在財(cái)富多寡?
春天了，去看看花，曬曬太陽，談?wù)剳賽?。愛我們就多多點(diǎn)贊，多多分享。
想看到什么內(nèi)容的推送或者對(duì)我們有什么意見建議，歡迎留言或私信。大家期待的精讀社正在籌備，積極參與的小寶貝們有福利哦～
