說明：因?yàn)橹暗倪@篇文章，部分單詞合到一起，影響閱讀，對(duì)大家造成不必要的困擾，現(xiàn)在更正重發(fā)，希望求得諒解。

一起翻譯一本書，公眾號(hào)“追隨己心”將帶領(lǐng)大家一起翻譯《Beyond Feelings: A Guide to Critical Thinking》，將學(xué)習(xí)了多年的英語(yǔ)真正用起來，體會(huì)原版書籍和英文的美。

Introduction

引言

Feelingsis designed to introduce you to the subject of critical thinking. The subject may be new to you because it has not been emphasized in most elementary and secondary schools. In fact, until fairly recently, most colleges gave it little attention. For the past four decades, the dominant emphasis has been on subjectivity rather than objectivity, on feeling rather than on thought.

《超越感覺》這本書是為了向你介紹批判性思維而撰寫的。這一主題對(duì)于你來說也許是嶄新的，因?yàn)樵诖蟛糠值男W(xué)和中學(xué)里沒有被強(qiáng)調(diào)過。事實(shí)上，直到最近，大部分大學(xué)也幾乎沒有關(guān)注這一科目。在過去的四十年里，我們主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主觀性而非客觀性，是感覺而非思考。

Dominant英[?d?m?n?nt]美[?d?m?n?nt]adj.占優(yōu)勢(shì)的;統(tǒng)治的，支配的; [生]顯性的;高聳的;n.[生]顯性性狀，顯性基因;優(yōu)勢(shì)物種; [樂]全階第五音;主因，要素;

Over the past several decades, however, a number of studies of America’s schools have criticized the neglect of critical thinking, and a growing number of educators and leaders in business, industry,and the professions have urged the development of new courses and teaching materials to overcome that neglect.

但是，過去的幾十年，許多美國(guó)學(xué)校的研究報(bào)告中批判了這種對(duì)理性思考的忽視，越來越多的教育者和工商業(yè)界的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者以及職業(yè)人士，竭力請(qǐng)求開發(fā)新的課程和教材，以彌補(bǔ)這種忽視。

It is no exaggeration to say that critical thinking is one of the most important subjects you will study in college regardless of your academic major. The quality of your schoolwork, your efforts in your career, your contributions to community life, your conduct of personal affairs—all will depend on your ability to solve problems and make decisions.

毫不夸張的說，在大學(xué)里不管你的專業(yè)是什么，批判性思維都將是你應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)的最重要的課程之一。你功課的質(zhì)量，職業(yè)生涯的表現(xiàn)，對(duì)社區(qū)生活的貢獻(xiàn)，個(gè)人事務(wù)的處理，所有這些都取決于你解決問題和做決定的能力。

The book has three main sections. The first, “The Context,” will help you understand such important concepts asindividuality,critical thinking, truth, knowledge, opinion, evidence, andargumentand overcome attitudes and ideas that obstruct critical thinking. The second section,“The Pitfalls,” will teach you to recognize and avoid the most common errors in thinking. The third section, “A Strategy,” will help you acquire the various skills used in addressing problems and issues. This section includes tips on identifying and overcoming your personal intellectual weaknesses as well as techniques for becoming more observant, clarifying issues,conducting inquiries, evaluating evidence, analyzing other people’s views, and making sound judgments.

這本書涵蓋三大部分：第一部分是“背景”，它將幫助你理解像個(gè)性、批判性思考、真相、知識(shí)、觀點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論點(diǎn)等重要概念，并且克服那些阻礙批判性思考的態(tài)度和觀念。第二部分是“易犯的錯(cuò)誤”，它將教會(huì)你識(shí)別和避免在思考中常犯的一些錯(cuò)誤。第三部分是“策略”，它將幫助你獲得處理問題和事務(wù)的技巧。這個(gè)部分既包括識(shí)別和克服你個(gè)人智力上的弱點(diǎn)的竅門，也包括一些更有觀察力、澄清問題、進(jìn)行探究、評(píng)估論據(jù)、分析其他人的觀點(diǎn)并作出正確判斷的技巧。

Obstruct英[?b?str?kt]美[?b?str?kt] vt.阻塞;堵塞;阻礙;阻止; vi.阻塞;妨礙;（給…）設(shè)置障礙;

Pitfalls英['p?tf?:lz]美['p?tf?:lz]n.（捕獵野獸用的）陷阱( pitfall的名詞復(fù)數(shù));意想不到的困難，易犯的錯(cuò)誤;

Intellectual英[??nt??lekt?u?l]美[??nt??lekt?u?l] adj.智力的;有才智的;需用智力的;智力發(fā)達(dá)的;n.知識(shí)分子;腦力勞動(dòng)者;有極高智力的人;憑理智（而非感情）辦事的人;

At the end of each chapter, you will find a number of applications to challenge your critical thinking and help you exercise your skills. These?applications cover problems and issues both timely and timeless. The final application in each of the first thirteen chapters invites you to examine an especially important issue about which informed opinion is divided.

在每個(gè)章節(jié)的結(jié)尾，會(huì)有一定數(shù)量的練習(xí)，用以激發(fā)你的批判性思考并幫助你訓(xùn)練自身的技巧。這些練習(xí)包含的問題和議題，有些是當(dāng)下的、有些是永恒的。前十三章最后的練習(xí)部分要求你檢查一個(gè)特別重要的議題，在此議題上那些有見識(shí)的意見發(fā)生了分歧。

Students sometimes get the idea that a textbook must be read page by page and that reading ahead violates some unwritten rule. This notion is mistaken. Students’ background knowledge varies widely; what one student knows very well, another knows only vaguely and a third is totally unfamiliar with. Any time you need or want to look ahead to an explanation in a later chapter, by all means do so. Let’s say you make a statement and a friend says, “That’s relativism, pure and simple.”If you aren’t sure exactly what she means, go to the index, look up“relativism,” proceed to the appropriate page, and find out.

有時(shí)，一些學(xué)生認(rèn)為一本教科書應(yīng)該逐頁(yè)閱讀，超前閱讀會(huì)違反一些不成文的規(guī)則。這種觀念是錯(cuò)誤的。學(xué)生的背景知識(shí)各不相同，對(duì)一個(gè)課題，一個(gè)學(xué)生了然于心，另一個(gè)學(xué)生可能模糊不清，而第三個(gè)學(xué)生可能完全一無所知。所以無論什么時(shí)候，你需要或者想提前查閱后面章節(jié)的解釋，你都可以徑直地做。假設(shè)你提出了一個(gè)陳述，而你的朋友說：“那是不折不扣的相對(duì)主義?！比绻悴淮_定她的準(zhǔn)確含義，那就去翻書的索引，查找“相對(duì)主義”，找到出現(xiàn)該詞條的頁(yè)碼，把它弄明白。

Relativism英[?rel?t?v?z?m]美[?rel?t?v?z?m]n.相對(duì)論，相對(duì)主義;

Looking ahead is especially prudent in the case of concepts and procedures relevant to the end-of-chapter applications. One such concept is plagiarism. If you are not completely clear on what constitutes plagiarism, why it is unacceptable,and how to avoid it, take a few minutes right now to learn. Look for the section “Avoiding Plagiarism” toward the end of the Chapter 2. Similarly, if you are not as skilled as you would like to be doing library or Internet research, it would be a good idea to read Chapter 17 now. Doing so could save you a great deal of time and effort completing homework assignments.

當(dāng)出現(xiàn)的概念和流程與文章末尾的練習(xí)相關(guān)時(shí)，提前閱讀是特別明智的?！柏飧`”就是這樣一個(gè)概念。如果你還不完全清楚什么構(gòu)成了剽竊，為什么它是不可接受的，如何去避免，現(xiàn)在就花幾分鐘去了解，找到第二章節(jié)末尾的“避免剽竊”這部分。同樣，在利用圖書館或者因特網(wǎng)檢索方面，如果你未能如自己期望的那般熟練，那么現(xiàn)在就去閱讀第十七章，會(huì)是一個(gè)好主意。這樣做可以節(jié)省你很多時(shí)間和精力完成課外作業(yè)。

Prudent英[?pru:dnt]美[?pru:dnt] adj.小心的，慎重的;精明的，節(jié)儉的;顧慮周到的，穩(wěn)健的;世故的，精明的;

Plagiarism英[?ple?d??r?z?m]美[?ple?d??r?z?m] n.剽竊;抄襲;剽竊物;抄襲物;

記：一路學(xué)習(xí)過來，原來發(fā)現(xiàn)自己算不上一個(gè)會(huì)思考的人，很多時(shí)候人云亦云，卻忽略了心底屬于自己的聲音；可能有些人一輩子都活的很痛苦，也沒有勇氣活出真正的自我，一直在俗世和旁人的眼光里茍且，究其原因只是沒有養(yǎng)成獨(dú)立思考的習(xí)慣，思考質(zhì)量不佳，沒有從所有的聲音中剝離出真正的自我，也就認(rèn)不清自己，更無從追隨自我。你看，養(yǎng)成批判性思考，是最需要學(xué)習(xí)的技能，沒有之一。