Disability ?n.
一、釋義
1. ? 英文釋義
1）The inability to perform some function; esp., the inability of one person to alter a given relation with another person.
2) ?An objectively measurable condition of impairment, physical or mental, esp. one that prevents a person from engaging in meaningful work< his disability entitle him to workers'-compensation benefits.> ? ??=handicap; incapacity
"An important distinction must be made between the word impairment and the word disability. [in the field of Social Security,] an impairment only refers to the type of medical problems a person has. Two people might have exactly the same impairment, yet only one of them qualify for disability.
Disability is a legal term, meaning that someone cannot engage in meaningful work with the impairment that he has." ?David A. Morton III, Medical Proof of Social Security Disability 2(1983)
"The Supreme Court has cautioned that [the Americans with Disability Act] requires that disabilities be evaluated 'with respect to an individual' and must be determined based on whether an impairment substantially limits the 'major life activities of such individual.' The Court conceded that ' some impairments may invariably cause a substantial limitation of a major life activity.' but '[t]he determination of whether an individual has a disability is not necessary based on the name or diagnosis of the impairment the person has, but rather on the effect of that impairment on the life of the individual.'" ? Harold S. Lewis Jr. Elizabeth J. Norman, Employment Discrimination Law an Practice 485-86 (2001).
3) ?Incapacity in the eyes of the law <most of a minor's disabilities are removed when he or she turns 18>. ? =incapacity
2. ?中文釋義
1） ?無能力、無資格
指在法律上缺乏實施行為或享有某些利益的能力，諸如無能力提起訴訟、締結(jié)婚姻或轉(zhuǎn)讓財產(chǎn)。
與其相對應(yīng)的概念是豁免【 immunity】。它可以分為一般無能力【general disability】與特殊無能力【special disability】，前者指缺乏從事所有行為的能力，精神病人或未成年人即為殊例，其不能締約或轉(zhuǎn)讓財產(chǎn)；后者是指缺乏從事特定行為的能力或暫時無能力，如某人無權(quán)簽訂某一種類的合同。
2） 殘疾；傷殘
勞工賠償法上的傷殘條件：
（1）實際上無法從事雇傭工作并由此而失去工資 ?；（2） 身體受到損害
制定法上的傷殘定義：
（1）發(fā)生醫(yī)學(xué)上可確定的肉體或精神損害，該損害將導(dǎo)致死亡或在很長時期活不確定期間內(nèi)持續(xù)存在；
（2） 缺乏從事任何可獲得實質(zhì)性收入的雇傭工作的能力
（3） 該無能力系由前述損害所致。
二、詞組精選
personal disability ? 本人無行為能力
A disability that applies only to an individual, such as infancy or incompetency.
僅適用于特定個人--如嬰兒、破產(chǎn)人等--的無行為能力，不適用于其后代或繼承人。
absolute disability ? 絕對無能力 ? ?=perpetual disability
A disability that attaches to a person and to that person's successors and descendants.
Examples of absolute disabilities include outlawry and treason.
除使當(dāng)事人本人無能力外，尚及于其后代或繼承人。
legal disability ? ?無行為能力
A court-determined lack of capacity to act for oneself in management or administering financial affairs, usu. because the person is a minor or has a mental impairment.
通常指無訂約能力、未成年、精神失常等情況。此時行為人從事的行為對其無約束力，法律以之為無效或可撤銷。無行為能力是與當(dāng)事人自身有關(guān)，而不與訴因【cause of action】有關(guān)的一種真實狀態(tài)。無訴訟行為能力的存在，必須是該人有訴訟權(quán)利，但又缺乏訴訟能力。
partial disability ? 局部傷殘
A worker's inability to perform all the duties that he or she could do before an accident or illness, even though the worker can still engage in some gainful activity on the job.
permanent disability ? 終身傷殘；永久喪失謀生能力
A disability that will indefinitely prevent a worker from performing some or all of the duties that he or she could do before an accident or illness.?
在傷殘保險與賠償中，指被保險人非暫時性的，至少可推定為永久性的損害或喪失謀生能力。
temporary disability ?暫時喪失工作能力
A disability that exists until an injured worker is as far restored as the nature of the injury will permit.
包括因受傷或疾病部分或全部喪失工作能力的治療期和工作期。
civil disability? 褫奪【讀作”chǐ duó“，意思是 依法剝奪】公權(quán)
The condition of a person who has had a legal right or privilege revoked as a result of a criminal conviction, as when a person's driver's license is revoked after a DWI conviction.?
對于罪犯除了判刑外，還可以在其服刑期間或釋放后剝奪其某些權(quán)力，包括選舉權(quán)、擔(dān)任公職權(quán)、獲得工作和職業(yè)許可證的權(quán)利、保險權(quán)以及獲得救濟金的權(quán)利等。
(來源：Black's Law Dictionary，《元照英美法詞典》，《英漢法律用語詞典》）
