* 用英語自身來理解和學(xué)習(xí)英語是最好的方式,《英讀廊》是《滿庭說英語》中的拓展閱讀系列,這一系列的文章力求幫助大家在英語閱讀能力上有所提升,并樹立英語思維;
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* 本篇文章難度系數(shù)8.7,由《小仙英語伴讀》人工智能難度分析系統(tǒng)提供評(píng)分。

How does grass provide all the energy and nutritional needs of powerful animals like bison and horses?
【譯】像野牛和馬這樣龐大的食草動(dòng)物是如何從吃的草中獲取所需的所有能量與營(yíng)養(yǎng)的?
【單詞】grass [gras, grahs][ɡrɑ?s] n. 草
【單詞】nutritional [noo-'trish-uhn, nyoo-][nju'tr???nl] adj. 營(yíng)養(yǎng)的;滋養(yǎng)的
【單詞】powerful ['pou-er-fuhl]['pa??fl] adj. 強(qiáng)有力的;強(qiáng)大的;有權(quán)的;強(qiáng)健的
【單詞】animals 原型:animal ['an-uh-muhl]['?n?ml] n. 動(dòng)物
【單詞】bison ['bahy-suhn, -zuhn]['ba?sn] n. 野牛
【單詞】horses 原型:horse [hawrs][h??s] n. 馬
Many grazing animals don't really digest the grass itself.
【譯】許多食草動(dòng)物其實(shí)自身并不真正消化草。
【單詞】grazing 原型:graze [greyz][ɡre?z] v. 放牧;(牛、羊等)吃草
【單詞】digest [dih-'jest, dahy-]['dɑ?d??st] vt. 消化
Take a cow for instance.
【譯】以奶牛為例。
【單詞】cow [kou][ka?] n. 母牛,奶牛
【單詞】instance ['in-stuhns]['?nst?ns] n. 例子;場(chǎng)合;情況
When a cow chews up the grass and swallows, it ends up in a stomach chamber called the rumen.
【譯】當(dāng)一頭牛把草咀嚼并吞咽時(shí),它最終會(huì)進(jìn)入一個(gè)叫做瘤胃的胃腔。
【單詞】chews 原型:chew [choo][t?u?] v. 咀嚼;嚼碎
【單詞】swallows 原型:swallow ['swol-oh]['sw?l??] v. 吞下;咽下
【單詞】stomach ['stuhm-uhk]['st?m?k] n. 胃;胃口;腹部
【單詞】chamber ['cheym-ber]['t?e?mb?] n. 室;房間
【單詞】rumen ['roo-min]['ru?men] n. 瘤胃(反芻動(dòng)物的第一胃)
This is basically a fermentation chamber.
【譯】這基本上是一個(gè)發(fā)酵室。
【單詞】basically ['bey-sik-lee]['be?s?kli] adv. 基本上;主要地
【單詞】fermentation [fur-men-'tey-shuhn][?f??men'te??n] n. 發(fā)酵

It's filled with microbes that digest the chewed up grass.
【譯】里面充滿了微生物,可以消化被啃壞的草。
【單詞】filled 原型:fill [fil][f?l] vt. 裝滿;彌漫;填充
【單詞】microbes 原型:microbe ['mahy-krohb]['ma?kr??b] n. 微生物;細(xì)菌
These bacteria produce all kinds of lipids (fats), proteins, and so on as byproducts of their own digestive system.
【譯】這些細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生各種脂質(zhì)(脂肪)、蛋白質(zhì)等,作為自己消化系統(tǒng)的副產(chǎn)品。
【單詞】bacteria 原型:bacterium [bak-'teer-ee-uhm][b?k't??ri?m] n. 細(xì)菌
【單詞】lipids ['l?p?dz] 原型?lipid n. 脂質(zhì);類脂
【單詞】fats 原型:fat [fat][f?t] n. 脂肪
【單詞】proteins 原型:protein ['proh-teen, -tee-in]['pr??ti?n] n. 蛋白質(zhì)
【單詞】byproducts 原型:byproduct ['bahy-prod-uhkt]['ba??pr?d?kt] n. 副產(chǎn)品
【單詞】digestive [dih-'jes-tiv, dahy-][da?'d?est?v] adj. 消化的;助消化的
The cow then regurgitates the cud from the rumen back into it's mouth where it chews up this mash of predigested material into a much finer particulate of broken down grass, bacteria and the bacteria's beneficial byproducts.
【譯】然后牛把反芻的食物反流回嘴里,在嘴里把這些經(jīng)過簡(jiǎn)單消化了的物質(zhì)嚼成更細(xì)的顆粒,這些顆粒由分解的草、細(xì)菌和產(chǎn)生細(xì)菌時(shí)的有益副產(chǎn)品組成。
【單詞】regurgitates [ri-'gur-ji-teyt][r?'ɡ??d??te?t] v. 反芻;(液體)回流
【單詞】cud [kuhd][k?d] n. 反芻的食物
【單詞】mash [mash][m??] n. 糊狀物
【單詞】predigested [pree-di-'jest, -dahy-][?pri?d?'d?est] vt. 預(yù)先消化;使易消化
【單詞】particulate [per-'tik-yuh-lit, -leyt][pɑ?'t?kj?l?t] adj. 微粒的 n. 微粒狀物質(zhì)
【單詞】broken 原型:break [breyk][bre?k] v. 打碎;折斷
【單詞】beneficial [ben-uh-'fish-uhl][?ben?'f??l] adj. 有利的;有益的
It then swallows this cud again, this time it's much finer and more liquid.
【譯】然后它又吞下了這個(gè)反芻物,這次它更細(xì),更液態(tài)。
【單詞】liquid ['lik-wid]['l?kw?d] adj. 液體的;液態(tài)的
It sinks to the bottom of the rumen and instead of remaining in the rumen, it's passed on to the cow's other stomach chambers.
【譯】這次它會(huì)下沉到瘤胃底部,而不是留在瘤胃中,因而將被傳遞到奶牛的其他胃腔。
【短語】instead of 代替(……的是);而不是…;例句:Instead of pressing forward, they drew back. 他們不僅沒有前進(jìn),反而后退了。Oops! I put in sugar instead of salt. ?。∥义e(cuò)把糖當(dāng)鹽放了。
【單詞】sinks 原型:sink [singk][s??k] v. 下沉;沉沒;滲透
【單詞】bottom ['bot-uh?m]['b?t?m] n. 底部;底端
【單詞】remaining 原型:remain [ri-'meyn][r?'me?n] v. 剩余;逗留;留下
【單詞】passed 原型:pass [pas, pahs][pɑ?s] v. 通過;經(jīng)過;度過;傳遞
This mass of bacteria, byproduct, and predigested grass is then properly digested by the cow.
【譯】這些大量的細(xì)菌、副產(chǎn)品和預(yù)消化后的草隨后被奶牛適當(dāng)?shù)剡M(jìn)一步消化掉。
【單詞】mass [mas][m?s] n. 大量;塊;眾多
【單詞】properly ['prop-er]['pr?p?li] adv. 適當(dāng)?shù)?;正確地;完全地
Without the bacteria and the byproduct of the bacteria, grass wouldn't be nutritious for the cow at all.
【譯】如果沒有細(xì)菌和細(xì)菌的副產(chǎn)品,草對(duì)奶牛來說根本就沒有營(yíng)養(yǎng)。
【單詞】nutritious [noo-'trish-uhs, nyoo-][nju'tr???s] adj. 有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的;滋養(yǎng)的
But the cow feeds the bacteria and in turn, the bacteria feed the cow.
【譯】但是奶牛養(yǎng)活了細(xì)菌,反過來,細(xì)菌也是奶牛生長(zhǎng)必不可少的。
【短語】in turn表示“依次;輪流地;相應(yīng)地;轉(zhuǎn)而”。如:(1) That in turn damages their health. 這反過來將損害他們的健康。(2) The children went on the bus in turn.孩子們依次上了公共汽車。另外,in turn還可表示“回報(bào)”,如: took Sally out to lunch,and she took me out in turn.我請(qǐng)了薩莉出去吃午餐,作為回報(bào),她也請(qǐng)了我一次。
【單詞】feeds 原型:feed [feed][fi?d] vt. 喂養(yǎng);飼養(yǎng);靠 ... 為生;向 ... 提供
Most grazers have a system like that.
【譯】大多數(shù)食草動(dòng)物都有這樣的系統(tǒng)。
【單詞】grazers 原型:grazer [greyzr]['gre?z?] n. 吃草的動(dòng)物
Bovines usually have multichambered stomachs while animals like horses have extra long intestines where this process takes place.
【譯】牛通常有多腔的胃,而像馬這樣的動(dòng)物有超長(zhǎng)的腸,消化的過程是在這些地方進(jìn)行的。
【短語】take place 表示“發(fā)生;舉辦”。如:The next meeting will take place on Thursday.
【單詞】Bovines 原型:bovine ['boh-vahyn, -vin]['b??va?n] n. 牛科動(dòng)物
【單詞】multichambered [m?lt?t'?e?mb?d] 多室的
【單詞】extra ['ek-struh]['ekstr?] adj. 額外的
【單詞】intestines 原型:intestine [in-'tes-tin][?n'test?n] n. 腸
This same process happens, to a lesser extent, in your gut too.
【譯】同樣的過程也發(fā)生在人的腸道里,只不過從“量”上來說會(huì)少一些。
【單詞】lesser ['les-er]['les?] adj. 較少的;較小的;次要的
【單詞】gut [guht][ɡ?t] n. 內(nèi)臟;腸子
That's why fiber can make you gassy - you can't digest fiber (by definition) but some bacteria in your gut can.
【譯】這就是為什么膳食纖維會(huì)讓人充滿氣體(腸道脹氣),因?yàn)槿瞬荒芟w維(顧名思義),但人腸道中的一些細(xì)菌卻可以消化掉纖維。
【單詞】fiber ['fahy-ber]['fa?b?] n. 纖維(物質(zhì))
【單詞】gassy ['gas-ee]['ɡ?si] adj. 氣體的;氣狀的;含氣的
【單詞】definition [def-uh-'nish-uh?n][?def?'n??n] n. 定義;闡釋
The same happens with lactose (Milk sugar).
【譯】乳糖(奶糖)也是如此。
【單詞】lactose ['lak-tohs]['l?kt??s] n. 乳糖
【單詞】sugar ['shoo?g-er]['??ɡ?] n. 糖,食糖

When you do not produce enough enzymes to break them down as a grown up, then bacteria in your stomach will digest it and produce lots of byproducts.
【譯】當(dāng)你長(zhǎng)大后仍不能產(chǎn)生足夠的酶來分解它們時(shí),你胃里的細(xì)菌就會(huì)消化它,產(chǎn)生大量的副產(chǎn)品。
【單詞】enzymes 原型:enzyme ['en-zahym]['enza?m] n. 酶
【單詞】grown 原型:grow [groh][ɡr??] v. 增加;生長(zhǎng);變成