恪守之前的四步驟便可掌握分析閱讀的第一步: what a book is about and to outline its structure 這本書(shū)講的是什么并且梳理出書(shū)中的結(jié)構(gòu)。
進(jìn)入分析閱讀第二步，便是需要讀者明白作者說(shuō)的是什么，讀者要和讀的這本書(shū)的作者心心相印。
For a term is the basic element of communicable knowledge.
因?yàn)樾g(shù)語(yǔ)是交流知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)元素。
首先，我們要明白術(shù)語(yǔ)和單詞的區(qū)別。
If the author uses a word in one meaning, and the reader reads it in another, words have passed between them, but they have not come to terms.
如果作者用一個(gè)單詞表達(dá)一種意思，但是讀者領(lǐng)悟成別的意思了。盡管他們之間通過(guò)文字連接著，但是讀者不會(huì)明白作者真正想表達(dá)地意思。
It is necessary for the two parties to use the same words with the same things, in short, to come to terms. When that happens, communication happens, the miracle of two minds with but a single thought.
作者和讀者使用相同的單詞表達(dá)同一個(gè)意思是非常有必要的，這便叫做術(shù)語(yǔ)。當(dāng)這一步發(fā)生了，就產(chǎn)生了交流，作者和讀者之間便會(huì)產(chǎn)生奇妙的共識(shí)。
A term can be defined as an unambiguous word. That is not quite accurate, for strictly there are no unambiguous words. What we should have said is that a term is a word used unambiguously.
術(shù)語(yǔ)可以被定義作不模糊的文字。但是這么說(shuō)并不準(zhǔn)確，因?yàn)閲?yán)格來(lái)講，世上本沒(méi)有含義完全清楚的表達(dá)。所以我們更習(xí)慣稱(chēng)術(shù)語(yǔ)為清楚準(zhǔn)確地使用某種文字。
Terms occur only in the process of communication. They occur when a writer tries to avoid ambiguity and a reader helps him by trying to follow his use of words.
人們?cè)诮涣鞯倪^(guò)程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生特定的術(shù)語(yǔ)。作者在創(chuàng)作時(shí)候避免使用表意含糊不清的文字，讀者借助這些文字順藤摸瓜理解作者的表達(dá)。
We can think of terms as a skilled use of words for the sake of communicating knowledge.
我們把為了交流知識(shí)而應(yīng)用術(shù)語(yǔ)當(dāng)做是一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的用詞技能。
下面來(lái)介紹一下如何分析閱讀an expository work/a work of science（科學(xué)著作）：
Rule 5 Find the important words and through them come to terms with the author.
學(xué)會(huì)找關(guān)鍵詞并理解作者要說(shuō)明的事情
需要兩小步(two steps)
A step dealing with the language as such, and a step beyond the language to the thought that lies behind it.
第一步找到關(guān)鍵詞，第二步要透過(guò)語(yǔ)言理解作者表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。
The only thing to do therefore, in expository works, is to make the best of language as it is, and the only way to do that is to use language as skillfully as possible when you want to convey, or to receive, knowledge.
科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)的撰寫(xiě)需要運(yùn)用最精煉清楚的語(yǔ)言。當(dāng)讀者需要去探索知識(shí)時(shí)候，也要盡可能嫻熟地使用語(yǔ)言這門(mén)工具。
Because language is imperfect as a medium for conveying knowledge, it also functions as an obstacle to communication. The rules of interpretive reading are directed to overcoming than obstacle. We can expect a good writer to do his best to reach us through the barrier language inevitably sets up, but we cannot expect him to do the job all by himself. We must meet him halfway. We, as readers, must try to tunnel through from our side of the barrier. The likelihood of a meeting of minds through language depends on the willingness of both reader and writer to work together.
其實(shí)語(yǔ)言并不是探索知識(shí)的一個(gè)完美媒介，它也有交流功能方面的缺陷。解譯閱讀的規(guī)則將指引我們跨越這一屏障。我們可以期盼一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的作者盡全力帶領(lǐng)我們跨越障礙，卻不能指望事事都依賴(lài)他。我們必須在半路與他相遇。作為讀者的我們也得努力從我們這邊的障礙越過(guò)去。作者和讀者都得懷著堅(jiān)定的信念，共同從各自的起點(diǎn)努力，才有可能一起產(chǎn)生愉悅的思想共鳴。
除此之外，讀者還需要解決語(yǔ)法和邏輯上的問(wèn)題
The grammatical aspect is the one that deals with words. The logical step deals with their meanings.
語(yǔ)法梳言語(yǔ)，邏輯解意蘊(yùn)。
The main point is that one word can be the vehicle for many terms, and one term can be expressed by many words.
其精髓便是，一字可多義，一種含義也有數(shù)不清的表達(dá)。
那么，問(wèn)題來(lái)了，如何尋找關(guān)鍵詞呢？關(guān)鍵詞是啥？作者又說(shuō)了：
He is using it in a definitely special sense when he discusses the theory of causation.
當(dāng)他需要闡述某種具體原理的原因時(shí)候，他需要運(yùn)用有一種被定義的特殊表達(dá)，就是關(guān)鍵詞。
當(dāng)我們閱讀現(xiàn)代書(shū)籍時(shí)候，我們需要知道現(xiàn)代人常用語(yǔ)。所以閱讀現(xiàn)代書(shū)是最簡(jiǎn)單的，因?yàn)檫@些用語(yǔ)都是我們每天在用的，但是想要讀懂一本外國(guó)著作，還是沒(méi)那么容易，你需要搞明白歪果仁咋說(shuō)話(huà)、咋用詞。所以，若想看懂一本古籍是很難的，因?yàn)槲覀兇蠖鄶?shù)人都不清楚那時(shí)候的人習(xí)慣表達(dá)用語(yǔ)。
The most important words are those that give you trouble.
最重要的詞是我們不懂的。
那么，什么是我們不懂的詞呢？
可能是作者在書(shū)中重點(diǎn)引用的詞(quotation marks)或者是斜體字(italics)，作者已經(jīng)給你做好了標(biāo)記，可能這部分理解起來(lái)會(huì)有難度。
The trouble with most readers is that they simply do not pay enough attention to words to locate their difficulties. They fail to distinguish the words that they do not understand sufficiently from those they do.
困擾大多數(shù)讀者的是他們并不關(guān)注那些有難度的詞匯。他們無(wú)法分辨什么是他們理解不到位的詞匯。
那么問(wèn)題又來(lái)了，怎么知道你不懂的單詞的含義呢？
You have to discover the meaning of a word you do not understand by using the meanings of all the other words in the context that you do understand.
你可以聯(lián)系上下文內(nèi)容來(lái)推測(cè)你不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞。
A word in place is a term.
詞被運(yùn)用在合適的位置來(lái)表達(dá)恰當(dāng)?shù)囊馑迹褪切g(shù)語(yǔ)。
To use a word ambiguously is to use it in several senses without distinguishing or relating their meanings.
模糊用詞便是指一個(gè)詞能代表很多意思，作者在運(yùn)用時(shí)也不加以區(qū)分。
You should not forget that one word can represent several terms. One way to remember this is to distinguish between the author’s vocabulary and his terminology. If you make a list in one colum of the important words, and in another of their important meanings, you will see the relation between the vocabulary and the terminology.
不要忘記一詞可多義。有一種可以牢記它的好方法是區(qū)分作者的用詞和專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。一列列出你覺(jué)得重要的單詞，另一列寫(xiě)出這些單詞對(duì)應(yīng)的意思，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)二者之間的區(qū)別。
This is important, of course. If you supposed that every time an author changed his words, he was shifting his terms, you would make as great an error as to suppose that every time he used the same words, the terms remained the same.
如果每次作者一換表達(dá)讀者就覺(jué)得作者在改變說(shuō)法，那么讀者就犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)槿绻髡卟粨Q用詞的話(huà)，那么讀者又會(huì)覺(jué)得他想表達(dá)的意思也不變。
當(dāng)然，一個(gè)單詞肯定不如一組短語(yǔ)表達(dá)得清楚，作者為了讓讀者理解得更透徹，一般更喜歡運(yùn)用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)單詞表達(dá)的含義往往是無(wú)限的，但是由幾個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)在表達(dá)上具有提供限制的優(yōu)勢(shì)。舉例，reading for enlightenment.(啟發(fā)式閱讀)作者為了讓讀者理解得更明白，就這樣說(shuō)the process of passing from understanding less to understanding more by the operation of your mind upon a book.(通過(guò)閱讀來(lái)增長(zhǎng)智慧)
