概述
- HashMap是 Key-Value 對映射的抽象接口,該映射不包括重復(fù)的鍵,即一個鍵對應(yīng)一個值。
- 在HashMap中,其會根據(jù)hash算法來計算key-value的存儲位置并進(jìn)行快速存取。
- HashMap允許key和value為null
- 當(dāng)Hash值計算元素位置時,可能會存在Hash沖突(Hash碰撞),HashMap是采用鏈表解決的。
- HashMap的實現(xiàn),在JDK7中采用的是數(shù)組+鏈表,JDK8中采用的是數(shù)組+鏈表+紅黑樹。
HashMap源碼解讀(JDK8)
1.HashMap的結(jié)構(gòu)模型圖
HashMap的結(jié)構(gòu)模型圖
2. 了解HashMap的基本屬性
/**
* The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two.
* 初始map的容量大小為16(容量必須是2的冪次倍)
*/
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16
/**
* The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified
* by either of the constructors with arguments.
* MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30.
* Map的最大容量為2的30次方
* java中存放的是補碼,1左移31位的為 16進(jìn)制的0x80000000代表的是-2147483648–>所以最大只能是30
*/
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
/**
* The load factor used when none specified in constructor.
* Map 容量的記載因子,主要影響map的在什么時候擴(kuò)容(此處為0.75,Map數(shù)組的容量大小的75%時開始擴(kuò)容)
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
/**
* The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a
* bin. Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a
* bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater
* than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in
* tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon
* shrinkage.
* 當(dāng)桶(bucket)上的結(jié)點數(shù)大于這個值時會轉(zhuǎn)成紅黑樹
*/
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
/**
* The bin count threshold for untreeifying a (split) bin during a
* resize operation. Should be less than TREEIFY_THRESHOLD, and at
* most 6 to mesh with shrinkage detection under removal.
* 當(dāng)桶(bucket)上的結(jié)點數(shù)小于這個值時樹轉(zhuǎn)鏈表
*/
static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
/**
* The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified.
* (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.)
* Should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid conflicts
* between resizing and treeification thresholds.
* 桶中結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化為紅黑樹對應(yīng)的table的最小大小
*/
static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;
/**
* The table, initialized on first use, and resized as
* necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.
* (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow
* bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)
* 存儲元素的table數(shù)組,容量總是2的冪次倍
*/
transient Node<K,V>[] table;
/**
* Holds cached entrySet(). Note that AbstractMap fields are used
* for keySet() and values().
* 存儲具體元素的集合
*/
transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;
/**
* The number of key-value mappings contained in this map.
* map的元素個數(shù)
*/
transient int size;
/**
* The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified
* Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in
* the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
* rehash). This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
* the HashMap fail-fast. (See ConcurrentModificationException).
* 每次擴(kuò)容和更改map結(jié)構(gòu)的計數(shù)器
*/
transient int modCount;
/**
* The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
* 臨界值 當(dāng)實際大小(容量*填充因子)超過臨界值時,會進(jìn)行擴(kuò)容
*/
int threshold;
/**
* The load factor for the hash table.
* 加載因子
*/
final float loadFactor;
3. 了解HashMap的構(gòu)造方法
/**
* 初始化map初始化的大小并制定加載因子的構(gòu)造方法
* @param initialCapacity 初始容量大小
* @param loadFactor 加載因子
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
initialCapacity);
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
loadFactor);
this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
}
/**
*
* @param initialCapacity 指定map的初始容量,默認(rèn)加載因子為0.75
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}
/**
* 默認(rèn)初始容量為16,加載因子為0.75
*/
public HashMap() {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
}
/**
* 加載因子為0.75,指定一個map構(gòu)建一個初始化的map
*/
public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
putMapEntries(m, false);
}
4.Node節(jié)點類源碼:
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
// hash值
final int hash;
// key值
final K key;
// value 值
V value;
Node<K,V> next;
Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
public final K getKey() { return key; }
public final V getValue() { return value; }
public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
// 重寫hashCode()方法
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
// 重寫equels方法
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
5.HashMap的put方法
/**
* 如果key存在,則value將替換原來的value值并返回被替換的那個值
* @param key key值
* @param value value值
* @return 返回的值為,key下被替換的值
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
/**
* put key,value
* @param hash key的hash值
* @param key key值
* @param value value值
* @param onlyIfAbsent 如果為true,key存在時value不予替換
* @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
* @return previous value, or null if none
*/
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
// 檢驗table是否為空或者length為0,如果是則調(diào)用resize方法進(jìn)行初始化
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
// 數(shù)組擴(kuò)容
n = (tab = resize()).length;
// 計算key對應(yīng)的桶的位置是否存在存在元素,判斷為null表示不存在
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
// 在table[i]出創(chuàng)建一個新節(jié)點
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else { // table[i] 處已經(jīng)存在了元素(Hash碰撞)
Node<K,V> e; K k;
// 如果key值已經(jīng)存在,key不為null的情況下,e記錄下當(dāng)前key的node節(jié)點
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p;
// 如果桶中的引用類型為 TreeNode,則調(diào)用紅黑樹的插入方法
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else { // 鏈表模式
// 循環(huán)當(dāng)前鏈表
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
// p.next 為null,則將p.next指向先插入的node
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
// 如果鏈表長度大于設(shè)定閾值長度時(默認(rèn)為8),將鏈表轉(zhuǎn)換成紅黑樹
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
// 跳出循環(huán)
break;
}
// key存在,直接跳出循環(huán)進(jìn)行覆蓋操作
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
if (e != null) { // 表示key已經(jīng)存在
V oldValue = e.value;
// 如果允許替換,替換原值
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
// 訪問后回調(diào)
afterNodeAccess(e);
// 返回舊值
return oldValue;
}
}
// modCount加1
++modCount;
// size是否大于閾值,大于則進(jìn)行擴(kuò)容
if (++size > threshold)
resize();
// 插入后回調(diào)
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
}
6.擴(kuò)容機制
resize方法的執(zhí)行會伴隨hash的重新分配,并且會遍歷所有hash表中的元素,是非常耗時的,所以當(dāng)我們在編寫程序的時候盡量減少resize方法的執(zhí)行。
/**
* Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in
* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
* with a power of two offset in the new table.
*
* @return the table
*/
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
// 記錄原table數(shù)組
Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
// 計算oldCap的大小
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
// 擴(kuò)容臨界值(cap * loadFactor)
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
// oldCap>0 表述map的buket數(shù)組已經(jīng)初始化
if (oldCap > 0) {
// 如果已經(jīng)達(dá)到容量最大值,不進(jìn)行擴(kuò)容(只能無情的進(jìn)行Hash碰撞了)
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
// 擴(kuò)容為原來的容量的2倍
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
// 左移一位(容量*2)
newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
}
// 若不滿足上面的oldCap > 0,表示數(shù)組還未初始化
// 若當(dāng)前閾值不為0,則設(shè)置為當(dāng)前閾值
// 這是因為HashMap有兩個帶參構(gòu)造器,可以指定初始容量,
else if (oldThr > 0)
newCap = oldThr;
else {
// 初始化為默認(rèn)的容量值
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
// 容量界線 16* 0.75
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
if (newThr == 0) {
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
threshold = newThr;
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
// 擴(kuò)容后的數(shù)組大小
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
// 將老數(shù)組的數(shù)據(jù)重新復(fù)制與新數(shù)組中
if (oldTab != null) {
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
// j位置存在數(shù)據(jù)
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
// 清空數(shù)據(jù)
oldTab[j] = null;
// 若table數(shù)組的j位置只有一個節(jié)點,則直接將這個節(jié)點放入新數(shù)組,
// 使用 & 替代 % 計算出余數(shù),即下標(biāo)
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
// 紅黑樹節(jié)點-執(zhí)行紅黑樹算法(hash沖突解決)
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // 鏈表數(shù)據(jù)小于限制數(shù)據(jù)-執(zhí)行鏈表結(jié)構(gòu)
// 創(chuàng)建兩個頭尾節(jié)點,表示兩條鏈表,舊數(shù)據(jù)的一條鏈表可能被查分到兩條鏈表上
// // 一條下標(biāo)不變的鏈表,一條下標(biāo)+oldCap
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
// e.hash & oldCap==0 原鏈表的索引值
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
// 如果最后一個元素為null,說明為頭節(jié)點
if (loTail == null)
// 設(shè)置頭結(jié)點為e
loHead = e;
else // 頭節(jié)點已經(jīng)設(shè)置了元素,直接將該元素設(shè)置在尾節(jié)點的next
loTail.next = e;
// 設(shè)置當(dāng)前尾節(jié)點為e
loTail = e;
}
// 若與原容量做與運算,結(jié)果為1,表示將這個節(jié)點放入到新數(shù)組中,下標(biāo)將改變
else {
if (hiTail == null) // 尾節(jié)點為空,說明該鏈表還沒有值
// 設(shè)置頭結(jié)點為e
hiHead = e;
else
// 頭節(jié)點已經(jīng)設(shè)置了元素,直接將該元素設(shè)置在尾節(jié)點的next
hiTail.next = e;
// 設(shè)置當(dāng)前尾節(jié)點為e
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
// 所有節(jié)點遍歷完后,判斷下標(biāo)不變的鏈表是否有節(jié)點在其中
if (loTail != null) {
// 將這條鏈表的最后一個節(jié)點的next指向null
loTail.next = null;
// 將鏈表loHead放入新數(shù)組的相同位置
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
// 將變化后的元素生成的新鏈表放在新的計算位置
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
// 這條鏈表放入的位置要在原來的基礎(chǔ)上加上oldCap
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
// 將新創(chuàng)建的map Tab 返回
return newTab;
}
注意: 這邊有一個算法公式num % 2^n == num & (2^n - 1),所以上述resize方法執(zhí)行的時候?qū)⑶笥噙\算轉(zhuǎn)化為位&運算。
5.HashMap的get方法
// key獲取元素
public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V> e;
return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
}
/**
* Implements Map.get and related methods.
*
* @param key的hash值
* @param key值
* @return the node, or null if none
*/
final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
// 1、HashMap中存儲數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)組table不為null;
// 2、數(shù)組table長度大于0
// 3、table已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建,且通過hash值計算出的節(jié)點存放位置有節(jié)點存在;
// 若上面三個條件都滿足,才表示HashMap中可能有我們需要獲取的元素
if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
(first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
// 定位到元素在數(shù)組中的位置后,我們開始沿著這個位置的鏈表或者樹開始遍歷尋找
// 注:JDK1.8之前,HashMap的實現(xiàn)是數(shù)組+鏈表,到1.8開始變成數(shù)組+鏈表+紅黑樹
// 首先判斷這個位置的第一個節(jié)點的key值是否與參數(shù)的key值相等,
// 若相等,則這個節(jié)點就是我們要找的節(jié)點,將其返回
if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return first;
// 遍歷鏈表數(shù)據(jù)
if ((e = first.next) != null) {
// 如果節(jié)點為紅黑樹結(jié)構(gòu),遍歷數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)查詢
if (first instanceof TreeNode)
return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
// 遍歷鏈表查詢
do {
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return e;
} while ((e = e.next) != null);
}
}
// 未查詢到,返回null
return null;
}
在這里插入圖片描述