app自動(dòng)化測試（Android）–App 控件定位
客戶端的頁面通過 XML 來實(shí)現(xiàn) UI 的布局，頁面的 UI 布局作為一個(gè)樹形結(jié)構(gòu)，而樹葉被定義為節(jié)點(diǎn)。這里的節(jié)點(diǎn)也就對應(yīng)了要定位的元素，節(jié)點(diǎn)的上級節(jié)點(diǎn)，定義了元素的布局結(jié)構(gòu)。在 XML 布局中可以使用 XPath 進(jìn)行節(jié)點(diǎn)的定位。
App的布局結(jié)構(gòu)
[[圖片上傳失敗...(image-593212-1654652224421)]
1080×607 155 KB](https://ceshiren.com/uploads/default/original/3X/1/d/1d0c729e53157c8761d85ea68520872e48e72b96.png)
從上面這張圖中可以看到最左側(cè)是應(yīng)用的頁面的展示，中間部分展示了這個(gè)頁面的樹形結(jié)構(gòu)的 XML 代碼。
其中包含的內(nèi)容為：
節(jié)點(diǎn) node
節(jié)點(diǎn)屬性：包括 clickable（是否可點(diǎn)擊）、content-desc（內(nèi)容）、resource-id（元素 id）、text（文本）、bounds（坐標(biāo)）等。
通過 ID 定位
在 Android 系統(tǒng)元素的 ID 稱為 resource-id，使用頁面分析工具比如 Appium Inspector 能夠獲取元素的唯一標(biāo)識是 ID 屬性，可以使用 ID 進(jìn)行元素定位，方便快捷。
示例代碼如下：
- Python 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.find_element(By.ID, "android:id/text1").click() </pre>
- Java 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.findElement(By.id("android:id/text1")).click(); </pre>
注意 resource-id 對應(yīng)的屬性（包名:id/id 值），在使用這個(gè)屬性的時(shí)候要把它當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體。
通過 Accessibility 定位
當(dāng)分析工具能抓取到的 content-desc 的屬性值是唯一時(shí)，可以采用 Accessibility 的定位方式，示例代碼：
- Python 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.find_element_by_accessibility_id("Accessibility") </pre>
- Java 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.findElementByAccessibilityId("Accessibility"); </pre>
通過 XPath 定位
與 Selenium 類似，可以使用 XPath 的定位方式完成頁面的元素定位。XPath 分為絕對路徑定位與相對路徑定位兩種形式，下面介紹的都是相對定位的形式。
XPath：resource-id 屬性定位
元素可以通過 resource-id 定位。
格式：
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">//*[@resource-id='resource-id屬性'] </pre>
示例代碼：
- Python 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.find_element(By.XPATH, \ '//*[@resource-id="rl_login_phone"]') </pre>
- Java 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.findElement(By.xpath(\ "http://*[@resource-id=\"rl_login_phone\"]")); </pre>
XPath：text 屬性定位
元素可以通過 text 文本屬性定位。
格式：
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">//*[@text=’text文本屬性’] </pre>
示例代碼如下
- Python 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@text="我的"]') </pre>
- Java 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.findElement(By.xpath("http://*[@text=\"我的\"]")); </pre>
XPath：class 屬性定位
元素可以通過 class 定位。
格式：
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">//*[@class=’class 屬性’] </pre>
示例代碼：
- Python 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.find_element(By.XPATH,\ '//*[@class="android.widget.EditText"]') </pre>
- Java 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.findElement(By.xpath(\ "http://*[@class=\"android.widget.EditText\"]")); </pre>
XPath：content-desc 屬性定位
元素可以通過 content-desc 定位。
格式：
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">//*[@content-desc='content-desc 屬性'] </pre>
示例代碼：
- Python 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.find_element((By.XPATH,\ '//*[@content-desc="搜索"]') </pre>
- Java 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.findElement(By.xpath(\ "http://*[@content-desc=\"搜索\"]"); </pre>
uiautomatorviewer介紹
使用 Android SDK（sdk/tools/uiautomatorviewer）路徑下自帶的 uiautomatorviewer 工具也可以抓取當(dāng)前頁面的元素。
提前配置 sdk/tools/ 路徑到環(huán)境變量 $PATH 中，直接在命令行輸入下面的命令：
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">uiautomatorviewer </pre>
可以打開下面這樣一個(gè)頁面，點(diǎn)擊頁面左上角第二個(gè)圖標(biāo)（Android 手機(jī)圖標(biāo)），就可以獲取下面的 uiautomatorviewer 快照圖：
[[圖片上傳失敗...(image-78056b-1654652224421)]
1066×756 158 KB](https://ceshiren.com/uploads/default/original/3X/0/7/07e4f97a5ec92b5923d086a0371626307e879c08.png)
uiautomatorviewer 抓取快照展示出來的元素屬性是經(jīng)過解析的，如果想要查看 XML DOM 的真實(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)可以打印 pagesource ，得到的內(nèi)容如下，紅色框起來的部分為上圖的定位的 XML DOM 中的一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)：
[[圖片上傳失敗...(image-4ea33f-1654652224421)]
975×299 55.5 KB](https://ceshiren.com/uploads/default/original/3X/b/0/b0c1331009c2047a263fcd316c65bd7f31455f71.png)
通過圖片分析，android.widget.TextView 是文本類型的節(jié)點(diǎn)，其中包含的屬性信息都在上面的 uiautomatorviewer 快照圖中有展示。如果只想定位 Android 系統(tǒng)的頁面元素，可以直接使用 uiautomatorviewer，速度快并且不需要配置任何參數(shù)，直接點(diǎn)擊獲取頁面的圖標(biāo)就可以將客戶端頁面抓取出來。
另外，uiautomatorviewer 只能抓取 android8 以下的版本，如果要抓取 android8 以上的版本的頁面信息，可以使用 Appium Inspector 或 WEditor。
