Module 1 Commenting on something you've watched

1. Factors of success

在下一活動中，您將觀看 Wikipedia 創(chuàng)始人 Jimmy Wales 在 Hult School of Business 發(fā)表的演講的片段。 Wikipedia 是一種基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)、集思廣益的免費(fèi)多語言百科全書。

自己做好聽的準(zhǔn)備
Wales 打算談?wù)摮晒褪　Ｗ⒁馑f的失敗在他人生中扮演了什么角色，在他看來有哪些重要的失敗的教訓(xùn)要與大家分享。

• to really get something happening 真正開始做某事
• It's an amazing success. 這是一個了不起的成功。
• The way I got here is failure. 我成功的方式是通過失敗。
• Fail faster. 更快地失敗。
• I should have quit a lot sooner. 我應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)退出。
• Real entrepreneurs fail and fail. 真正的企業(yè)家失敗再失敗。

成功與失敗:擁有大量的詞匯，你會對一個單詞的某些形式比另一些熟悉。你會對形容詞successful，以及動詞fail 和 quit很熟悉，但是你可能不太常使用這些單詞的其他形式。

• I should have quit sooner. 我應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)退出。
• I'm not a quitter. 我不是一個輕易放棄的人。

因此，一個quits的人是quitter。這很容易推斷出來，因?yàn)橐粋€做這個動作的人常常以-er結(jié)尾。但是，一些名詞不太容易猜出來。你知道fail的名詞是什么嗎？

• I failed, but I learned from it. 我失敗了，但我從中吸取了教訓(xùn)。
• I think you can learn from failure. 我認(rèn)為你可以從失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)。

在這些情況下，我們只要記住名詞的形式是failure。那么successful的動詞和名詞形式呢？

• I didn't succeed in the beginning. 我開始時并沒有成功。
• Success doesn't always come easily. 成功并不總是容易做到的。

你可能對動詞succeed不太熟悉，但是作為一名高級學(xué)員，你會開始使用這些你不太熟悉的形式。

• It was an amazing success. 這是一個了不起的成功。
• It was a failure for a few reasons, I think. 我認(rèn)為失敗是有幾個原因的。

• I think you can learn from failure. 我認(rèn)為你可以從失敗中學(xué)習(xí)。
• I'm not a quitter. 我不是一個輕易放棄的人。
• I didn't succeed in the beginning. 我開始時并沒有成功。
• It was a failure for a few reasons, I think. 我認(rèn)為失敗是有幾個原因的。
• Success doesn't always come easily. 成功并不總是容易做到的。
• It was an amazing success. 這是一個了不起的成功。

2. Adding emphasis to ideas

• One of the questions is … 一個問題是…
• One of the most important things … 最重要的事情之一是…
• One of the things that's … 事情之一是…
• What was really interesting to me … 真的讓我感到很有趣的是…

引出評論:你常會聽到what 和 one thing (that)用于引出評論和意見：

• What's really interesting to me is the role of failure. 讓我真的感興趣的是失敗的作用。

這個結(jié)構(gòu)有幾種語法選擇。第一個例子中，我們用的模式是這樣的：What + be + 形容詞 + be + 名詞。下面句子中的結(jié)構(gòu)是什么？

• One thing that was cool was that he wanted to pass on real-world experience.很酷的事情是他想要將現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的經(jīng)驗(yàn)傳遞下去。
  這里，我們有： One thing that＋be＋形容詞＋be＋that＋從句

我們可以選擇使用像failure樣的名詞或者如前面例子中那樣使用一個完整的句子來結(jié)束這種短語。我們也有選擇以不同的方式來開始句子。下面的例子有什么不同？

• What surprised me was that he was willing to admit to being a failure. 讓我吃驚的是，他愿意承認(rèn)自己的失敗。
• One thing I admire about him is his honesty. 我佩服他的是他的誠實(shí)。

這里我們在句子的第一部分使用了動詞surprise 和 admire而不是一個形容詞。你可能也會聽到 the way而不是that：

• What I liked about his talk was the way he was so positive about failure. 我喜歡他的談話的地方是他如此積極地看待失敗的方式。

• What was strange was the topic he didn't cover. 奇怪的是他沒有涵蓋的題目。
• One thing I loved was the way he talked to us. 我喜歡的是他與我們說話的方式。
• What I didn't know was that he was a CEO before. 我不知道的是，他以前是一位首席執(zhí)行官。
• What I liked about it was its variety. 我喜歡它的地方是它的多樣性。
• One thing I didn't like was the slow pace of the talk. 我不喜歡的一件事是談話的慢節(jié)奏。

Module 2 Working out the meaning

1. Guessing unknown words

What is a startup?
Just because a company is newly founded doesn't necessarily make it a startup.
Startup companies are entrepreneurial ventures designed to discover if they have a scalable business model.
That is, do they have the potential to grow quickly and be successful?
Many startups go from failure to failure before finding the right model, or they fail altogether.

Many people assume that all startups are technology-based companies.
This might be due to the fact that the term became widespread during the dot-com bubble,
when so many high-tech companies were started,
but most eventually failed and disappeared.
In fact, a startup can be in many different sectors of the economy.

Some startups are funded by the founders themselves.
Others get funding from venture-capital firms or angel investors in exchange for equity – part ownership in the company.
Investors are generally attracted to startups with a strong founding team,
high potential return on investment, and scalability.
Again, it's about the potential to grow rapidly with limited investment of capital and labor.

猜測意思:當(dāng)閱讀文章時，你會遇到不熟悉的單詞。你可以試著猜測其大概含義。
同源的單詞:你可能知道后綴-al 和-ial用于構(gòu)成形容詞，而-ity用于構(gòu)成名詞。如果你知道entrepreneur的意思，它會幫你猜出單詞entrepreneurial是描述企業(yè)家的形容詞。知道scalable的意思會幫助你理解scalability是可擴(kuò)展的能力的意思。

• Startup companies are entrepreneurial ventures. 新興公司是創(chuàng)業(yè)型企業(yè)。
• Investors are generally attracted to startups with scalability. 投資者一般都被有可擴(kuò)展性的初創(chuàng)公司所吸引。

猜測有多部分組成的單詞的意義:有時，兩個單詞組合在一起形成一個新的單詞，你可以將這些單詞分開來猜測它們的含義。例如，如果你知道單詞 high and tech（源自技術(shù)）的意思，你可以猜測短語high-tech companies的含義。

• Many high-tech companies were started during the early 2000s. 許多高科技公司是在21世紀(jì)初開始創(chuàng)建的。

在許多情況下，多部分詞語沒有連字符。你仍然可以把它們分開來猜測它們的含義。例如，widespread，可分為wide 和 spread，這能幫助你理解其含義：常見。

• The term startup became widespread during the dot-com bubble. 在網(wǎng)絡(luò)泡沫時期，新興這一術(shù)語變得十分普遍。

2. Guessing meaning from context 使用上下文

根據(jù)上下文猜測單詞的意思是可以提高你的閱讀能力的重要策略。 Context指的是圍繞未知單詞的單詞，單詞的形成方式和閱讀材料或段落的主題。

定義，同義詞和對比:有時候，一個新詞在句子本身中就被定義了。在下面的句子中，people who start and operate new companies是entrepreneurs的定義。請注意，它是由逗號隔開的。

• Entrepreneurs, people who start and operate new companies, are critical to our economy. 企業(yè)家，創(chuàng)建并和運(yùn)營新公司的人，對我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)至關(guān)重要。

在下面的句子中，profits是return on investments的同義詞。

• Investors look for high return on investment because profits are what it's all about. 投資者尋找高投資回報率，因?yàn)槔麧櫴撬娜筷P(guān)注點(diǎn)。

在這句話中，短語by contrast顯示單詞losses是短語return on investment的反義詞。

• There was a solid return on investment last year. By contrast, we're experiencing losses now. 去年有豐厚的投資回報。對比之下，我們現(xiàn)在正在經(jīng)歷損失。

Module 3 Writing more coherently

1. Employee motivation

• Analyze, benchmark, reward. 分析，基準(zhǔn)，獎勵。
• collaborative 合作的
• objectives 目標(biāo)
• performance is assessed 評估績效
• surpassed their targets 超過他們的目標(biāo)
• vouchers 優(yōu)惠券
• substantial 大量的
• incentivized 用物質(zhì)激勵的
• buzzwords 流行詞

員工激勵：一種有助于更加激勵員工的步驟：analyze, benchmark, reward.
Analyze（分析）
首先，經(jīng)理和員工應(yīng)該 analyze 目前的局面。

• A manager and employee should work in a collaborative way to set goals. 經(jīng)理和員工應(yīng)該共同設(shè)立目標(biāo)。
• Employees feel motivated when they're involved in setting their own objectives. 員工如參與自己的目標(biāo)設(shè)立，會感到受到激勵。

Benchmark（衡量基準(zhǔn)）:一段時間之后，應(yīng)該評估員工的表現(xiàn)。Benchmark 可用作名詞或動詞。

• The benchmark the employee is trying to reach should be realistic. 員工所要達(dá)成的基準(zhǔn)應(yīng)根據(jù)現(xiàn)實(shí)情況設(shè)定。
• It's important that an employee's performance is assessed after a period of time. 重要的是，員工表現(xiàn)隔一段時間后應(yīng)加以評估。
• Ideally, an employee will have reached or even surpassed the benchmark. 理想狀況下，員工會達(dá)到甚至超過衡量基準(zhǔn)。
• A manager's success can be measured by how many employees reach their targets. 經(jīng)理的成功可以根據(jù)完成目標(biāo)的員工人數(shù)來衡量。

Reward（獎勵）:經(jīng)理應(yīng)該獎勵成功的員工。

• Successful employees can be rewarded with vouchers. 成功的員工可獲得優(yōu)惠券作為獎勵。
• A reward should be substantial enough to motivate employees. 獎勵應(yīng)該大到能夠激勵員工。
• It's in a company's best interests to have incentivized employees. 擁有受到激勵的員工，對公司最為有利。

• Employee benchmarks should be realistic. 員工基準(zhǔn)應(yīng)切合實(shí)際。
• A reward should be substantial enough to motivate. 獎勵應(yīng)該足夠大以起到激勵的作用。
• The company benefits from incentivized employees. 公司受益于被激勵的員工。
• Performance should be assessed periodically. 應(yīng)該定期進(jìn)行績效評估。
• Ideally, a benchmark will be reached or surpassed. 理想情況下，一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)能夠達(dá)到或者超過。
• Managers and staff should work collaboratively. 管理者和員工應(yīng)該合作共事。
• Motivated employees set their own objectives. 有積極性的員工設(shè)定他們自己的目標(biāo)。

2. Coherence and cohesion 連貫性

如果你的寫作是coherent,這對于你的讀者來說是符合邏輯意義的，無論是在你表達(dá)個人思想或者想法的邏輯發(fā)展時。這是一些為你的寫作添加coherence的方法。

一般到具體

• The analysis phase is crucial. The manager should sit down with each staff member to analyze the skills they have and the ones they need.分析階段至關(guān)重要。經(jīng)理應(yīng)該和員工坐下來分析他們的技能和需要的技能。

陳述，然后舉例

• Successful employees should be rewarded. Rewards could include cash or vouchers.成功的員工應(yīng)該予以獎勵。獎勵可以包括現(xiàn)金或優(yōu)惠券。

問題，然后回答

• How can managers help employees make significant improvements? Working collaboratively and incentivizing an employee can be very effective.經(jīng)理如何幫助員工取得巨大的進(jìn)步？共同協(xié)作并激勵員工，可能非常有效。

3. More methods for coherent writing

參照：文章的各部分之間的References幫助讀者知道你指的是什么，而不必重復(fù)同樣的話。在下面的例子中，短語a program like this回指Incentivize your employees。
Incentivize your employees. Make them feel that the company's success means success for them as well. There's nothing like a possible reward to motivate people. A program like this will probably have to come from upper management, not just from the direct manager.

關(guān)鍵字重復(fù)：另一個方法是在文章中重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞。注意在下面的段落中單詞listen 和 listening將段落連接起來。
Listening is key. If people feel that their manager is listening to them, even when they are complaining, they will be happier and more productive. Listen to your employees!

Motivating employees

The relationship between employee and manager is important.
Not only can it affect an employee's morale,
but it can have wider consequences on the company as a whole.
It's hard to imagine any company doing well without motivated employees.
Here are five effective ways to motivate staff.

Incentivize your employees.
Make them feel that the company's success means success for them as well.
There's nothing like a possible reward to motivate people.
A program like this will probably have to come from upper management,
not just from the direct manager.
Take an active interest in your employees' career paths.
Offer them additional training, and act as their mentor.
If employees feel that a brighter future is ahead,
it will motivate them.
Emphasize a healthy work-life balance.
One way to do this is to make sure everyone takes their vacation time.
Refreshed people are motivated people.
Listening is key.
If people feel that their manager is listening to them,
even when they are complaining,
they will be happier and more productive.
Listen to your employees!
Above all of this is one general idea:
Respect for others goes a long way toward motivating people.
Treat subordinates the way you would like to be treated by your superiors.

But what can you do to demotivate your staff? How can you be a bad manager?

Use your managerial position to show people who's boss.
Disrespect subordinates because they are below you.
Take credit or claim responsibility for work done by your subordinates.
They work for you, right? So why give them credit?
Lose your temper. Getting angry always shows people who's boss!
Let employees unfairly take the blame for things.
Better them than you, right?
Don't compliment or praise people for good work.
The next thing you know,
they'll want a promotion or pay raise!

Motivating people takes much more work than demotivating them,
but if you follow the tips above, you can build a solid, productive team!

Module 4 Making your point more effectively

1. Traits of successful people 成功人士的特征

在下一活動中，你將觀看一段即興的采訪。受訪女子名叫 Julie Malta，她將談?wù)摮晒θ耸烤哂械?traits, 或 qualities。

自己做好聽的準(zhǔn)備
既然你了解了采訪的中心所在，思考一下你心中成功人士應(yīng)該具備的特征。然后，在聽的同時，注意 Julie 描述的特征。
你也會聽到 Julie 使用 categorization（分類） 的語言。請聽類似以下的短語：

• kind of 一種
• type of 一種類型
• form of 一種
• manner of 一種

• mortgage broker 房貸經(jīng)紀(jì)人
• many different types of success 許多不同種類的成功
• hard to pinpoint 很難準(zhǔn)確指出
• academic 學(xué)習(xí)的
• defines 說明
• what manner of success 哪種成功
• similar traits 相同的特征
• proactive 主動的
• resilient 達(dá)觀的
• adversity 困境

談?wù)摮晒?br> 以下是一些談?wù)摮晒Φ谋磉_(dá)：

• What manner of success are you looking for exactly? 你具體希望獲得哪種成功？
• It's difficult to pinpoint what defines success. 很難準(zhǔn)確描述什么是成功。
• He was able to turn his academic success into business success. 他做到了將優(yōu)秀的學(xué)習(xí)成績轉(zhuǎn)化成商業(yè)上的的成功。

以下是一些描述成功人士所具有的特征的單詞：

• It's not easy to pinpoint what traits make people successful. 要確定讓人取得成功的特點(diǎn)并不容易。
• She's very resilient. She's always able to bounce back from adversity. 她非常達(dá)觀，總能從逆境中恢復(fù)過來。
• They're very proactive. They try to anticipate problems before they happen. 他們行事主動，努力未雨綢繆。
• No matter what happens, he never gives up. He's very persistent. 不管怎么樣，他從不放棄。他非常執(zhí)著。

以下是更多談?wù)摮晒θ耸康奶卣鞯脑~匯：

• She's incredibly passionate about her work. 她非常熱愛自己的工作。
• Creativity is very important, but so are practical business skills. 創(chuàng)造力非常重要，但實(shí)用的商務(wù)技能同樣重要。
• He has a great ability to find pragmatic solutions to problems. 他擁有為問題找出切實(shí)可行的辦法的出色能力。
• Steve Jobs was one of the most innovative thinkers of his time. Steve Job是他那個時代最富于創(chuàng)新的思想家之一。

• Try to anticipate problems. Be proactive. 努力為問題做好準(zhǔn)備。要積極主動。
• Her academic life does not define her. 她的學(xué)院生涯不能對她定性。
• What personality traits lead to success? 哪些性格特征可以獲得成功？
• The business world is tough. You have to be resilient. 商場艱難，你必須具有很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)力。
• She's persistent, even when faced with adversity. 她行事堅持不懈，即使面對困境也是如此。
• It's hard to pinpoint where the problem comes from. 很難指出問題所在。

2. Supporting your opinion

給出例子或者具體細(xì)節(jié)：有時，只是陳述意見是不夠的。必須加強(qiáng)和支持它。做到這一點(diǎn)的一種方式是給出例子或者具體細(xì)節(jié)。

• Good managers need to be proactive. When there's a problem, they don't wait for others to fix it. 優(yōu)秀的管理者需要積極主動。當(dāng)有問題時，他們不會等待別人來解決它。

提供推理：你也可以提供推理來支持你的觀點(diǎn)。

• Good managers promote effective communication. Open and effective communication makes people feel valued and heard. 優(yōu)秀的管理者促進(jìn)有效的溝通。開放和有效的溝通使人感到受重視和被關(guān)注。

使用對比：使用對比可以是支持一個意見的有效方法。

• A good manager needs passion. If managers aren't excited about what they're doing, how can we expect the employees to be? 一個優(yōu)秀的管理者需要激情。如果管理者對他們在做的事情并不感到興奮，怎么能指望員工有激情呢？

總結(jié)：總結(jié)你的觀點(diǎn)可以是一種把重點(diǎn)放回你的主要想法上的有效的方法。

• In the end, it's important to remember that a good manager needs to be both persistent and flexible. 最后，要記住，一個好的管理者必須既堅持又靈活。

3. Buying time to think 爭取思考的時間

習(xí)語 buy time to think 表示在回答之前爭取更多的時間來思考。要許多 buy time to think 的方法。請看以下各例：
要求重復(fù)和澄清

• Can you say that again? 你能再說一遍嗎？
• Can you be more specific? 你能更具體些嗎？
• What exactly do you mean by effective management? 對于有效的管理到底你的意思是什么？

你也可以使用這樣的表達(dá)方式：

• I need a second to think about that. 我需要思考一下。
• That's a good question. Let me think for a minute. 這是一個很好的問題。讓我想一想。

如果你真的不知如何回答，你可以使用這樣的表達(dá)方式：

• That's not a question I can answer right now. Can I get back to you? 這不是一個我現(xiàn)在可以回答的問題。我可以回頭答復(fù)你嗎？
• I'd need to give that some thought before answering. 回答前我需要想一想。
• Well, it's difficult to pinpoint exactly. 嗯，這很難準(zhǔn)確查明。

• Just give me a moment to think about that. 讓我再想一會。
• Can I get back to you with an answer on that? 那件事我能明天給你答復(fù)嗎？
• Hmm. Let me see. It's difficult to say. 嗯，讓我想想。不好說。
• Let me think about that for a minute. 讓我再想一會。