瑞典皇家科學(xué)院在瑞典斯德哥爾摩宣布，將2018年度諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)授予美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家威廉·諾德豪斯（William D.Nordhaus）和保羅·羅默(Paul Romer)，以表彰二人將技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和氣候變化與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)相結(jié)合。
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences?has decided to award the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2018 to
William D. Nordhaus
Yale University, New Haven, USA
“for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis”
“將氣候變化納入長(zhǎng)期宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)分析”
and
Paul M. Romer
NYU Stern School of Business, New York, USA
“for integrating technological innovations into long-run acroeconomic analysis”
“將技術(shù)創(chuàng)新納入長(zhǎng)期宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)分析”
At its heart, economics deals with the management of scarce resources. Nature dictates the main constraints on economic growth and our knowledge determines how well we deal with these constraints. This year's Laureates William Nordhaus and Paul Romer have significantly broadened the scope of economic analysis by constructing models that explain how the market economy interacts with nature and knowledge.
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的核心是配置稀缺資源。自然要素成為了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要約束條件，而我們的知識(shí)將決定我們?nèi)绾谓鉀Q這些約束問(wèn)題。今年，諾德豪斯和羅默兩位諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者，通過(guò)解釋市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)與自然和知識(shí)的互相聯(lián)動(dòng)，拓寬了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析的范圍。(譯1)
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的核心是管理稀缺資源，自然環(huán)境是制約經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要因素，而我們的知識(shí)體系決定我們將如何處理這些制約因素。今年的兩位獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)咄ㄟ^(guò)構(gòu)建模型來(lái)解釋市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和自然環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系，大大拓展了經(jīng)濟(jì)分析的范疇。(譯2)
come to light
表示“稀缺的，不足的，缺乏的，稀少的”，英文解釋為“if something is scarce, there is not very much of it available”，舉個(gè)??：
Food was often scarce in the winter.
冬季常常糧食短缺。
補(bǔ)充短語(yǔ)：make yourself scarce 〔為避免出現(xiàn)令人不快的情形而〕離開(kāi)，溜走，舉個(gè)??：
I decided it was time to make myself scarce.
我覺(jué)得自己該走了。
dictate
我們比較熟悉的dictation 聽(tīng)寫，作動(dòng)詞除了表示“讓〔某人〕聽(tīng)寫，口授”之外，此處表示“支配，影響，決定”，同determine，英文解釋為“to control or influence something”，舉個(gè)??：
Funds dictate what we can do.
資金(的多少)決定我們能做些什么。
它也可以表示“命令，規(guī)定，指定”，英文解釋為“to tell someone exactly what they must do or how they must behave”
Technological change?– Romer demonstrates how knowledge can function as a driver of long-term economic growth. When annual economic growth of a few per cent accumulates over decades, it transforms people's lives.
關(guān)于技術(shù)變化：羅默的研究顯示了知識(shí)將如何成為驅(qū)動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期增長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)力。當(dāng)年增長(zhǎng)率在數(shù)十年間都能保持一定增長(zhǎng)率的時(shí)候，“知識(shí)”這個(gè)要素將改變?nèi)藗兊纳睢?span>(譯1)
技術(shù)創(chuàng)新：保羅定義了知識(shí)是如何成為長(zhǎng)期推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)力，當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)每年都有幾個(gè)百分點(diǎn)的增長(zhǎng)并且保持?jǐn)?shù)十年的時(shí)候，人們的生活方式將隨之發(fā)生劇變。(譯2)
Previous macroeconomic research had emphasised technological innovation as the primary driver of economic growth, but had not modelled how economic decisions and market conditions determine the creation of new technologies. Paul Romer solved this problem by demonstrating how economic forces govern the willingness of firms to produce new ideas and innovations.
過(guò)去的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)研究強(qiáng)調(diào)了技術(shù)創(chuàng)新是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力，但是并沒(méi)有理論模擬經(jīng)濟(jì)決策和市場(chǎng)條件將如何決定新技術(shù)的創(chuàng)造。而羅默則通過(guò)展示經(jīng)濟(jì)力量如何支配公司在創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造上的意愿，解決了這一問(wèn)題。(譯1)
之前的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)調(diào)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力，但是并沒(méi)有展示經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和市場(chǎng)條件如何決定技術(shù)變革，保羅通過(guò)演示經(jīng)濟(jì)力量對(duì)公司愿景的管理，進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生新的創(chuàng)意和革新這種方式解決了上述問(wèn)題。(譯2)
Romer’s?solution, which?was?published?in 1990, laid the foundation of what is now called?endogenous growth theory. The theory is both conceptual and practical, as it explains how ideas are different to other goods and require specific conditions to thrive in a market. Romer's theory has generated vast amounts of new research into the regulations and policies that encourage new ideas and long-term prosperity.
羅默在1990年就發(fā)布了這一成果，成為了內(nèi)生增長(zhǎng)理論的基礎(chǔ)。該理論既是概念性的又是實(shí)用的，因?yàn)樗忉屃送环N創(chuàng)新想法對(duì)不同商品的意義是不同的，并且將理念變?yōu)閷?shí)踐的過(guò)程，需要市場(chǎng)提供相對(duì)應(yīng)的具體條件。羅默的理論有為促進(jìn)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的法規(guī)和政策提供了大量新研究。(譯1)
1990年，保羅的解決方案公開(kāi)出版，奠定了現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)濟(jì)內(nèi)生增長(zhǎng)理論。該理論是概念化的，同時(shí)也非常實(shí)用，因?yàn)樗忉屃藙?chuàng)意與其它產(chǎn)品之間的不同，并需要特定條件才能在市場(chǎng)中茁壯成長(zhǎng)?；诒Ａ_的理論，目前已有大量關(guān)于鼓勵(lì)新思想和長(zhǎng)期繁榮的法規(guī)政策正處于研究中。(譯2)
endogenous growth theory
內(nèi)生增長(zhǎng)理論（The Theory of Endogenous Growth）核心思想是認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)能夠不依賴外力推動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，內(nèi)生的技術(shù)進(jìn)步是保證經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的決定因素。強(qiáng)調(diào)不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和收益遞增。(百度百科)
Climate change?– Nordhaus' findings deal with interactions between society and nature. Nordhaus decided to work on this topic in the 1970s, as scientists had become increasingly worried about the combustion of fossil?fuel resulting in a warmer climate. In the mid-1990s, he?became the first person to create an?integrated assessment model, i.e. a quantitative model that describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate.
關(guān)于氣候變化：諾德豪斯的研究結(jié)果涉及社會(huì)和自然的相互影響。上世紀(jì)70年代開(kāi)始，科學(xué)家們?cè)絹?lái)越擔(dān)心化石燃料的使用將會(huì)導(dǎo)致氣候變暖，諾德豪斯正是在那時(shí)開(kāi)始研究這一議題。在20世紀(jì)90年代中期，他首創(chuàng)了綜合評(píng)估模型（integrated assessment model），即描述全局的定量模型經(jīng)濟(jì)與氣候之間的相互作用。(譯1)
氣侯變化——威廉姆的研究結(jié)果是關(guān)于社會(huì)和自然之間的相互作用早在20世紀(jì)70年代，威廉姆已決定開(kāi)始研究這一主題，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)科學(xué)家們擔(dān)心化石燃料的使用導(dǎo)致氣侯變暖。20世紀(jì)90年代中期，他成為第一個(gè)創(chuàng)建綜合模型的人，這一模型即是描述經(jīng)濟(jì)與氣侯之間全球范圍內(nèi)相互作用的定量模型。(譯2)
combustion
表示“〔產(chǎn)生光和熱的〕燃燒”，英文解釋為“Combustion is the act of burning something or the process of burning.”舉個(gè)??：
The energy is released by combustion on the application of a match.
能量通過(guò)點(diǎn)火柴燃燒釋放出來(lái)。
quantitative model 定量模型；量化模型
fossil fuel 化石燃料
Fossil fuel is fuel such as coal or oil that is formed from the decayed remains of plants or animals.
His model integrates theories and empirical results from physics, chemistry and economics. Nordhaus' model is now widely spread and is used to simulate how the economy and the climate co-evolve. It is used to examine the consequences of climate policy interventions, for example carbon taxes.
該模型整合了理論和來(lái)自物理、化學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的實(shí)證結(jié)果。諾德豪斯的模型如今已廣泛傳播并用于模擬經(jīng)濟(jì)和氣候共同發(fā)展。它可以用于測(cè)試?yán)缣级惖认嚓P(guān)氣候政策干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的后果。(譯1)
該模型整合了物理、化學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論和實(shí)證結(jié)果，目前已被廣泛運(yùn)用于模擬經(jīng)濟(jì)氣侯之間的演化以及檢測(cè)氣侯政策干預(yù)的后果，比如征收二氧化碳稅。(譯2)
The contributions of Paul Romer and William Nordhaus are methodological, providing us with fundamental insights into the causes and consequences of technological innovation and climate change. This year’s Laureates do not deliver conclusive answers, but their findings have brought us considerably closer to answering the question of how we can achieve sustained and sustainable global economic growth.
羅默和諾德豪斯的貢獻(xiàn)集中于方法論，他們的研究為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)提供了日后研究技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和氣候變化的因與果的基本視角。盡管這兩位獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)邿o(wú)法對(duì)問(wèn)題給出確鑿的答案，但他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)讓我們離實(shí)現(xiàn)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)更近了一步。(譯1)
保羅．羅默和威廉姆．D．諾德豪斯的貢獻(xiàn)是一種方法論，他們?yōu)槲覀兲峁┝擞嘘P(guān)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和氣侯變化的原因及后果的基礎(chǔ)見(jiàn)解，今年的獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)卟⑽刺岢龃_鑿的結(jié)論性答案，但他們的研究結(jié)果使我們更易于回答如何實(shí)現(xiàn)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)性增長(zhǎng)。(譯2)
methodological
/,m?θ?d?'lɑd??kl/
作形容詞表示“方法的，方法論的”，名詞形式：methodology“方法論”，英文解釋：A methodology is a system of methods and principles for doing something, for example for teaching or for carrying out research.舉個(gè)??：
Teaching methodologies vary according to the topic.
教學(xué)方法因題目而不同。
譯1：http://t.cn/E77PPFk 澎湃新聞
譯2：http://t.cn/Ehe7ZWh 新浪財(cái)經(jīng)
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