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【關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在用法上的區(qū)別】
1) This is the city which I live. *
2) This is the city which I live in.
3) This is the city where I live.
4) This is the life which I want to live.
- 以上例句中的 which 和 where 均在各自從句中代替先?詞 city。
1) 之所以錯誤是因?yàn)閺恼Z法角度來看 which 是代詞且作從句 which I live 的賓語，然? which 所代替的先?詞city 不可以作動詞 live 的賓語（相當(dāng)于 I live the city. *) 。
2) 之所以正確是因?yàn)樵趶木渲衱hich 作的是介詞 in 的賓語，which 和 in ?起構(gòu)成介詞短語修飾 live（相當(dāng)于 I live in the city. ) 。
3) 之所以正確是因?yàn)?where 在定語從句中作副詞，可以直接修飾動詞 live（相當(dāng)于 I live here. ) 。
4) 之所以正確是因?yàn)?which 的先?詞 life 可以作從句中 live 的賓語（相當(dāng)于 I want to live this life.）。
【限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句】
定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。形式上，限制性定語從句與主句間不用標(biāo)點(diǎn)分隔，而非限制性定語從句和主句間要由逗號或破折號隔開；意思上，限制性定語從句對先行詞起限定作用，如果去掉會導(dǎo)致句子核心意思不完整，而非限制性定語從句對先行詞起附加解釋作用，即便去掉也不影響主句的核心意思。如：
1) Students who are struggling with vocabulary will find the test difficult.
2) Students, who are often struggling with vocabulary, will find the test difficult.
(1) 中定語從句為限制性定語從句，對先?詞 students 起限定作用，句?意思?概相當(dāng)于“只有那些詞匯學(xué)得不好的學(xué)?才會認(rèn)為考試難”；
? （2） 中的定語從句為非限制性定語從句，對先?詞 students 僅起附加解釋作用，句?意思相當(dāng)于“學(xué)?會認(rèn)為考試難，?且學(xué)?經(jīng)常詞匯學(xué)得不好?！?/b>
【不定式】
在某些情況下不定式的 to 會省略掉。如：
I heard you sing.
I saw you leave the house.
He help me do my homework.
You had better finish your homework now.
下劃線所標(biāo)記的部分為省略了 to 的不定式或不定式詞組。
【省略】
1. 若并列結(jié)構(gòu)中存在重復(fù)的內(nèi)容則只保留一個。如：
I like swimming but Tom doesn’t like swimming.
Your words made me happy but they made Tom angry.
應(yīng)改為：
I like swimming but Tom doesn’t.
Your words made me happy but Tom angry.
2. 若狀語從句同時滿足 1）主語是 it 或主語與主句的主語一致，2）謂語包含 be，則狀語從句的主語可以和 be 一起省略，從而將狀語從句改寫為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
You won’t feel it while you are asleep.
Bears normally will not attack you unless they are provoked.
You can ask him in person, if it is necessary.
可改為：
You won’t feel it while asleep.
Bears normally will not attack you unless provoked.
You can ask him in person, if necessary.
與之類似，若定語從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語且定語從句謂語包含 be，則定語從句的關(guān)系
代詞經(jīng)?？梢院?be 一起省略，從而將定語從句改寫為定語、狀語或同位語。如：
The boy who is sleeping over there is Tom.
Tom, who is big and fat, is not very good at table tennis.
Hans, who is raised in Germany, speaks both German and English fluently.
Mr. Smith, who is my math teacher, is tall.
可改為：
The boy sleeping over there is Tom.
Tom, big and fat, is not very good at table tennis.
Hans, raised in Germany, speaks both German and English fluently.
Mr. Smith, my math teacher, is tall.
3. 比較狀語從句中的動詞經(jīng)常可以省略。如：
Tom is taller than Jerry is.
I run faster than he does.
I have done more work than you have.
可改為：
Tom is taller than Jerry.
I run faster than he.
I have done more work than you.
