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Requests是Python基于Apache2 Licensed許可證的人性化HTTP庫(kù)。

Python標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù)中urllib2提供了不少HTTP 功能，但API不系統(tǒng)。它有點(diǎn)過(guò)時(shí)，完成最簡(jiǎn)單的任務(wù)也需要大量工作。

下面我們用實(shí)例演示訪問(wèn)github。

>>> import requests
>>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('ouyangchongwu@test.com', 'password'))
>>> r.status_code
200
>>> r.headers['content-type']
'application/json; charset=utf-8'
>>> r.encoding
'utf-8'
>>> r.text
u'{"login":"oychw",...}'
>>> r.json()
{u'disk_usage': 176, u'private_gists': 0, ...}

Requests為Python處理了所有HTTP/1.1操作，與Web服務(wù)的無(wú)縫集成。不需要為URL手動(dòng)添加查詢字符串或POST數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行表單處理?；?a target="_blank" rel="nofollow">urllib3, 能自動(dòng)處理Keep-alive和HTTP連接池。

特點(diǎn)：

國(guó)際化域名和 URLs
Keep-Alive & 連接池
持久的 Cookie 會(huì)話
類(lèi)瀏覽器的SSL認(rèn)證
基本/摘要式的身份認(rèn)證
優(yōu)雅的鍵/值 Cookie
自動(dòng)解壓
Unicode響應(yīng)體
多段文件上傳
連接超時(shí)
支持 .netrc
適用于 Python 2.6—3.4
線程安全

用戶手冊(cè)

簡(jiǎn)介

Requests關(guān)注PEP 20的部分：

Beautiful is better than ugly.(美麗優(yōu)于丑陋)
Explicit is better than implicit.(明確優(yōu)于含糊)
Simple is better than complex.(簡(jiǎn)單優(yōu)于復(fù)雜)
Complex is better than complicated.(復(fù)雜優(yōu)于繁瑣)
Readability counts.(可讀性)

安裝

安裝：推薦：pip install requests，其次：easy_install requests
最新代碼：

git clone git://github.com/kennethreitz/requests.git
下載tar.gz包：curl -OL https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/tarball/master
下載zip包：curl -OL https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/zipball/master
源碼安裝：python setup.py install

快速入門(mén)

發(fā)送請(qǐng)求：

下面獲取Github的公共時(shí)間線，并在httpbin演示其他HTTP操作：

>>> import requests
>>> r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
>>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post")
>>> r = requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
>>> r = requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
>>> r = requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
>>> r = requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")

在URL中傳遞參數(shù)

URL的查詢字符串(query string)例如， httpbin.org/get?key=val，在Requests可以用字典的形式構(gòu)建。比如傳遞key1=value1和key2=value2到 httpbin.org/get:

>>> import requests
>>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
>>> r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
>>> print(r.url)
http://httpbin.org/get?key2=value2&key1=value1
>>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2[]': ['value2', 'value3']}
>>> r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
>>> print(r.url)
http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2%5B%5D=value2&key2%5B%5D=value3

注意字典里值為None的鍵會(huì)忽略。上面第２個(gè)例子訪問(wèn)的是http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2[]=value2&key2[]=value3 。注意key后面需要添加中括號(hào)對(duì)。

響應(yīng)

>>> import requests
>>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
>>> r.text
>>> u'[{"id":"2636319727","type":"PullRequestReviewCommentEvent","actor":{"id":1148601,"login":"i ...}]
>>> r.encoding
'utf-8'
>>> r.encoding = 'ISO-8859-1'

Requests會(huì)自動(dòng)解碼服務(wù)器的返回。大多數(shù)unicode字符集都能無(wú)縫解碼。請(qǐng)求發(fā)出時(shí)Requests會(huì)基于響應(yīng)的HTTP頭部推測(cè)響應(yīng)的編碼。同時(shí)還可以設(shè)置和查詢編碼。改變編碼后，訪問(wèn) r.text 將會(huì)使用 r.encoding 。

二進(jìn)制響應(yīng)

r.content可以以字節(jié)的方式顯示響應(yīng)。

>>> r.content
b'[{"repository":{"open_issues":0,"url":"https://github.com/...

傳輸格式gzip和deflate會(huì)自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)碼。處理圖片實(shí)例：

>>> from PIL import Image
>>> from StringIO import StringIO
>>> i = Image.open(StringIO(r.content))

Json響應(yīng)

Requests內(nèi)置了JSON解碼器:

>>> import requests
>>> r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
>>> r.json()
{u'documentation_url': u'https://developer.github.com/v3/activity/events/#list-public-events', u'message': u"Hello there, wayfaring stranger. If you're reading this then you probably didn't see our blog post a couple of years back announcing that this API would go away: http://git.io/17AROg Fear not, you should be able to get what you need from the shiny new Events API instead."}

JSON解碼失敗時(shí)r.json 就會(huì)拋出異常。例如， 401 (Unauthorized) ， ValueError: No JSON object could be decoded等。

原始響應(yīng)

極端的情況下需要查看服務(wù)器的原始套接字響應(yīng)，請(qǐng)求時(shí)設(shè)置 stream=True：

>>> import requests
>>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events', stream=True)
>>> r.raw
<urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x7f807dd6f4d0>
>>> r.raw.read(10)
'\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03'

通常需要存為文件:

with open(filename, 'wb') as fd:
    for chunk in r.iter_content(chunk_size):
        fd.write(chunk)

Response.iter_content 能減少直接使用Response.raw的大量處理，下載流時(shí)尤其推薦。

自定義頭

>>> import requests
>>> import json
>>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
>>> payload = {'some': 'data'}
>>> headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
>>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)

更加復(fù)雜的POST請(qǐng)求

表單直接以字典形式發(fā)送：

>>> import requests
>>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
>>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
>>> print(r.text)
{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {
    "key1": "value1", 
    "key2": "value2"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, compress", 
    "Content-Length": "23", 
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.2.1 CPython/2.7.6 Linux/3.13.0-53-generic"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "119.122.150.177", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

string則會(huì)被直接發(fā)布出去。Github API v3中接受編碼為JSON的POST/PATCH數(shù)據(jù)

>>> import requests
>>> import json
>>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
>>> payload = {'some': 'data'}
>>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload))

POST復(fù)雜編碼的文件

>>> import requests
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
>>> files = {'file': open('/home/andrew/test.xls', 'rb')}
>>>  r = requests.post(url, files=files)
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
>>> r.text
u'{\n  "args": {}, \n  "data": "", \n  "files": {\n ...  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"\n}\n'

可以顯式地設(shè)置文件名，文件類(lèi)型和請(qǐng)求頭:

>>> import requests
>>> files = {'file': ('report.xls', open('/home/andrew/test.xls', 'rb'), 'application/vnd.ms-excel', {'Expires': '0'})}
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
>>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)
>>> r.text
u'{\n  "args": {}, \n  "data": ""..."url": "http://httpbin.org/post"\n}\n'

還可以直接用文字代替文件：

>>> import requests
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
>>> files = {'file': ('report.csv', 'some,data,to,send\nanother,row,to,send\n')}
>>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)
>>> r.text
u'{\n  "args": {}, \n  "data": "", \n  "files": {\n  ...  "json": null, \n  "origin": "14.153.22.104", \n  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"\n}\n'

multipart/form-data不支持特別大的文件，建議使用requests-toolbelt，參考：toolbelt

響應(yīng)狀態(tài)碼

>>> import requests
>>> r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
>>> r.status_code
200
>>> r.status_code == requests.codes.ok
True
>>> bad_r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/status/404')
>>> bad_r.status_code
404
>>> bad_r.raise_for_status()
>>> r.raise_for_status()

上面的requests.codes.ok是內(nèi)置的狀態(tài)碼查詢對(duì)象?？梢允褂?Response.raise_for_status()跑出失敗請(qǐng)求(4XX客戶端錯(cuò)誤或5XX服務(wù)器異常)，我們可以通過(guò) Response.raise_for_status() 來(lái)拋出異常。r的返回為200，所以返回None，不產(chǎn)生異常。

響應(yīng)頭

>>> r.headers
{'content-length': '275', 'server': 'nginx', 'connection': 'keep-alive', 'access-control-allow-credentials': 'true', 'date': 'Tue, 10 Mar 2015 08:21:36 GMT', 'access-control-allow-origin': '*', 'content-type': 'application/json'}

>>> r.headers['Content-Type']
'application/json'

>>> r.headers.get('content-type')
 'application/json'

根據(jù) RFC 2616，HTTP頭部不區(qū)分大小寫(xiě)。根據(jù)RFC 7230，接收方會(huì)對(duì)服務(wù)端對(duì)同一key的不同value進(jìn)行組合。

可以訪問(wèn)響應(yīng)中包含的Cookie:

>>> import requests
>>> url = 'http://automationtesting.sinaapp.com/login'
>>> r = requests.get(url)
>>> r.cookies.keys()
['saeut', 'trac_form_token', 'trac_session']
>>> r.cookies['saeut']
 'CkMPGlT+tfQiXS9uGYviAg=='

使用cookies參數(shù)可以發(fā)送你的cookies到服務(wù)器:

>>> import requests
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
>>> cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
>>> r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
>>> r.text
u'{\n  "cookies": {\n    "cookies_are": "working"\n  }\n}\n'

重定向與請(qǐng)求歷史

默認(rèn)對(duì)HEAD以外其他所有動(dòng)作進(jìn)行位置重定向。Response.history可以看到重定向的記錄。

>>> import requests
>>> r = requests.get('http://github.com')
>>> r.url
u'https://github.com/'
>>> r.status_code
200
>>> r.history
[<Response [301]>]

GET, OPTIONS, POST, PUT, PATCH 或者 DELETE可以通過(guò)allow_redirects參數(shù)禁用重定向，這個(gè)設(shè)置對(duì)HEAD也生效:

>>> import requests
>>> r = requests.get('http://github.com', allow_redirects=False)
>>> r.status_code
301
>>> r.history
[]
>>> r = requests.head('http://github.com', allow_redirects=True)
>>> r.url
u'https://github.com/'
>>> r.history
[<Response [301]>]

超時(shí)

超時(shí)告訴requests在經(jīng)過(guò)timeout參數(shù)的秒之后停止等待響應(yīng):

>>> import requests
>>> requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=0.1)    
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py", line 55, in get
    return request('get', url, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py", line 44, in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 455, in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 558, in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 387, in send
    raise Timeout(e)
requests.exceptions.Timeout: (<urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7f807dd6f050>, 'Connection to github.com timed out. (connect timeout=0.1)')
>>>

注: 超時(shí)不是對(duì)整個(gè)響應(yīng)下載的時(shí)間限制, 而且指定時(shí)間沒(méi)有收到服務(wù)器返回就拋出異常。

錯(cuò)誤與異常

ConnectionError：網(wǎng)絡(luò)問(wèn)題(如DNS失敗、拒絕連接等)。

HTTPError: 比較罕見(jiàn)的無(wú)效HTTP響應(yīng)時(shí)。

Timeout：請(qǐng)求超時(shí)。

TooManyRedirects：超過(guò)了設(shè)定的最大重定向次數(shù)。

requests.exceptions.RequestException是所有具體異常的基類(lèi)。

高級(jí)用法

Session對(duì)象

Session對(duì)象能夠跨請(qǐng)求保持參數(shù)，Session實(shí)例發(fā)出的所有請(qǐng)求共享cookies。

Session對(duì)象具有主Requests API的所有方法。

>>> s = requests.Session()
>>> s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
<Response [200]>
>>> r = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")
>>> print(r.text)
{
  "cookies": {
    "sessioncookie": "123456789"
  }
}

Session也可為request方法提供缺省數(shù)據(jù)，添加屬性即可:

>>> import requests
>>> s = requests.Session()
>>> s.auth = ('user', 'pass')
>>> s.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})
>>> s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'})
<Response [200]>

傳遞給request方法的字典都會(huì)與已有session層的值合并。方法層的參數(shù)會(huì)覆蓋會(huì)話的參數(shù)。在方法層參數(shù)中將鍵值設(shè)置為None，會(huì)被自動(dòng)忽略key。參考： session api

請(qǐng)求(Request)和響應(yīng)(Response)對(duì)象

requests.get()等請(qǐng)求主要做兩件的事情。一為構(gòu)建Request 對(duì)象。二為收到服務(wù)器響應(yīng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生Response 對(duì)象。Response對(duì)象包含服務(wù)器返回和原來(lái)的 Request 對(duì)象。

>>> import requests
>>> r = requests.get('http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python')
>>> r.headers
{'content-length': '67559', ...}
>>> r.request.headers
{'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Accept-Encoding': ...}

預(yù)請(qǐng)求

當(dāng)從API或會(huì)話調(diào)用接收Response對(duì)象時(shí)，request屬性實(shí)際上是PreparedRequest。如果你需要修改body或header，可以如下方式進(jìn)行處理：

from requests import Request, Session

s = Session()
req = Request('GET', url,
    data=data,
    headers=header
)
prepped = req.prepare()

# do something with prepped.body
# do something with prepped.headers

resp = s.send(prepped,
    stream=stream,
    verify=verify,
    proxies=proxies,
    cert=cert,
    timeout=timeout
)

print(resp.status_code)

這里沒(méi)有對(duì)Request對(duì)象進(jìn)行特殊處理，而是修改PreparedRequest對(duì)象。然后用requests.* 或Session.*.發(fā)送。

上述代碼沒(méi)有Request Session。Session層狀態(tài)，如cookie不會(huì)使用。用Session.prepare_request()替換Request.prepare()即可增加狀態(tài)支持：

from requests import Request, Session

s = Session()
req = Request('GET',  url,
    data=data
    headers=headers
)

prepped = s.prepare_request(req)

# do something with prepped.body
# do something with prepped.headers

resp = s.send(prepped,
    stream=stream,
    verify=verify,
    proxies=proxies,
    cert=cert,
    timeout=timeout
)

print(resp.status_code)

SSL證書(shū)驗(yàn)證

使用 verify 參數(shù)可以像web瀏覽器一樣為HTTPS請(qǐng)求驗(yàn)證SSL證書(shū):

參考資料

討論qq群144081101 591302926 567351477 釘釘群21745728
requests英文文檔
requests-docs-cn.readthedocs.org
docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/
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python工具庫(kù)介紹-requests：人性化的HTTP

python工具庫(kù)介紹-requests：人性化的HTTP

用戶手冊(cè)

簡(jiǎn)介

安裝

快速入門(mén)

高級(jí)用法

參考資料

相關(guān)閱讀更多精彩內(nèi)容

友情鏈接更多精彩內(nèi)容

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python工具庫(kù)介紹-requests：人性化的HTTP

用戶手冊(cè)

簡(jiǎn)介

安裝

快速入門(mén)

高級(jí)用法

參考資料

相關(guān)閱讀更多精彩內(nèi)容

友情鏈接更多精彩內(nèi)容

色偷偷精品伊人,欧洲久久精品,欧美综合婷婷骚逼,国产AV主播,国产最新探花在线,九色在线视频一区,伊人大交九欧美,1769亚洲,黄色成人av